Histo Exam 2
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bone cells located in lacunae
osteocyte
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bone making cells
osteoblasts
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bone precursor cells
osteoprogenitor cells
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bone destroying cells
osteoclasts
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where can immature bone be found?
the skeleton of the developing fetus, adult alveolar sockets, tendon attachments
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Collagenous membrane on the outer surface of the bone
Carries vessels and nerves, contains nociceptors
(right)
Carries vessels and nerves, contains nociceptors
(right)
periosteum
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Covering the marrow cavity
Composed of mostly osteoprogenitor cells
(left)
Composed of mostly osteoprogenitor cells
(left)
endosteum
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where can osteoprogenitor cells be found?
Inner layer of periosteum
Endosteum (endosteal cells)
Line the Haversian and Volkmann’s canals
Endosteum (endosteal cells)
Line the Haversian and Volkmann’s canals
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cell shown in the upper right corner in semi cuboidal shape
osteoblasts
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what are osteoblasts called when surrounded by osteoid
osteocyte
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function of osteocytes
maintain matrix (secreteeabsorbs)
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these osteocutes have few organelles
inactive
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these osteocytes have rER
formative osteocytes
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these osteocytes contain lyosomes
resorptive osteocytes
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where do osteoclasts originate
monocytes (macrophages) of blood)
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white in image next to osteoclast
howship lacuna
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story of intramembranous ossification
Mesenchymal cells aggregate and turn into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, mineralize it, enclose themselves into lacunae and turn into osteocytes
Remaining mesenchyme forms periosteum on the surface of the bone
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, mineralize it, enclose themselves into lacunae and turn into osteocytes
Remaining mesenchyme forms periosteum on the surface of the bone
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where does intramembranous ossification occur?
embryo skull, small fractures
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what is the story of enchondral ossification?
hyaline cart bone where perichondrium forms bone collar around cartilage. ossification centers develop and chondrocytes die. capilary loops break into bone, osteoblasts make bone, epiphyseal plate forms bone in opposite directions
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white structure in image
chondrocytes
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function of chondrocytes
produce matrix
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3 subtypes of cartilage matrix
hyaline cartilage, elastic fibers, fibrous cartlahe
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what type of collagen is hyaline cart? fibrous cart?
2; 1
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where are chondroblasts located?
growing cartilage under the perichondrium
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recently divided choondrocytes are sittingf in clusters in the lacunae
isogenous groups
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black arrow
territorial matrix
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Itm in image
interterritorial matrix
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fx hyaline cartilage
Bind bones together (synchondrosis)
Low friction surfaces for the joints
Model for the developing skeleton of the fetus (enchondral ossification)
Low friction surfaces for the joints
Model for the developing skeleton of the fetus (enchondral ossification)
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Collagenous membrane on the surface of the cartilage
Carries vessels and nerves – essential for the avascular cartilage (destruction of the perichondrium usually results in destruction of the underlying cartilage)
Carries vessels and nerves – essential for the avascular cartilage (destruction of the perichondrium usually results in destruction of the underlying cartilage)
perichondrium
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where is pericondrium not present
articular surfaces, when cart is in contact with bone
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what stains elastic fibers
eoisin, resorcin-fuchsin, orcein
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where are elastic fibers found
ear, cart of the larynx
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cart type?
elastic cartilage
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Combination of dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage
Chondrocytes are sitting in rows (isogenous groups)
Large amount of collagen fibers between them
No perichondrium
Chondrocytes are sitting in rows (isogenous groups)
Large amount of collagen fibers between them
No perichondrium
fibrocartilage
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chondroblasts are formed by the inner layer of perichondrium (cells produce collagen type I), they produce matrix (collagen type II) and turn to chondrocytes
appositional growth
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division of chondrocytes within the lacunae – isogenous groups
interstitial growth
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elastic cartilage
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What is the total volume of blood in the human body?
About 6 liters (7-8% of body weight)
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What are the two main components of blood?
Cellular elements and plasma
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What is hematocrit?
Percentage of cellular elements volume compared to total blood volume
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What is the hematocrit range for males?
39-50%
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What is the hematocrit range for females?
35-45%
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What percentage of plasma is water?
91-92%
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Which plasma protein maintains colloid osmotic pressure and acts as a carrier protein?
Albumin
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Which plasma proteins are immunoglobulins?
γ-globulins
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Which plasma protein is the largest and helps in clot formation?
Fibrinogen
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What is the shape and size of an erythrocyte?
Biconcave disc, 7.8 μm
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What is the lifespan of an erythrocyte?
120 days
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Where are old erythrocytes broken down?
Spleen, bone marrow, liver
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What is hemoglobin composed of?
Four polypeptide subunits, each with a heme group
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What causes sickle cell anemia?
Point mutation replacing glutamic acid with valine in β-globin chain at position 6
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Name the two major categories of leukocytes.
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
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Which leukocyte type is most abundant?
Neutrophils (50-70%)
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What is the typical nucleus shape of neutrophils?
Multilobed nucleus
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Which granules in neutrophils contain myeloperoxidase?
Azurophilic granules (primary granules)
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What do neutrophil specific granules contain?
Enzymes, complement activators, bactericidal agents
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What directs neutrophils to injury sites?
Chemoattractant molecules
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Which leukocyte has a bilobed nucleus and large eosinophilic granules?
Eosinophils
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What is the major basic protein in eosinophil granules responsible for?
Acidophilia and cytotoxicity to parasites
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Which leukocyte contains heparan sulphate and histamine in its granules?
Basophils
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Which receptor on basophils binds IgE?
Fc receptor for IgE
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What percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes?
25-30%
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Which lymphocyte type differentiates in the thymus?
T lymphocytes
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Which lymphocyte type produces circulating antibodies?
B lymphocytes
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Which lymphocyte type kills virus-infected and tumor cells?
NK cells
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What is the largest leukocyte?
Monocyte
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Into what cells do monocytes differentiate in tissues?
Macrophages
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How long do monocytes remain in the blood?
About 3 days
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What is the shape of a monocyte nucleus?
Bean-shaped
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Which platelet granules contain fibrinogen and coagulation factors?
α-granules
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Which platelet granules contain ADP, ATP, serotonin, histamine?
δ-granules
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Which platelet granules contain hydrolytic enzymes for clot resorption?
λ-granules
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What are the three main cell types of the nervous system?
Neurons, glia, blood vessel cells
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What are the three classes of neurons?
Sensory, motor, interneurons
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Which neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglion?
Pseudounipolar neurons
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Where are Purkinje cells found?
Cerebellum
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Which glial cells produce myelin in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
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Which glial cells produce myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells
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What is the function of astrocytes?
Support neurons, form BBB, regulate extracellular environment
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What is the smallest glial cell type?
Microglia
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What is the function of microglia?
Phagocytosis and debris removal
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Where are ependymal cells found?
Lining ventricles and central canal of CNS
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What is the node of Ranvier?
Gap between myelin segments enabling saltatory conduction
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What is the function of Schmidt-Lanterman clefts?
Allow cytoplasmic continuity in myelin sheaths
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Which cells surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia?
Satellite cells
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What is the difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
Oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple axons in CNS, Schwann cells one axon in PNS
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What are the three connective tissue coverings of a peripheral nerve?
Endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium
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What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
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What are the two functional divisions of the nervous system?
Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
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Which neurotransmitters open Na+ channels?
Excitatory neurotransmitters
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Which neurotransmitters open Cl- channels?
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
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Name the four types of synaptic contacts.
Axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic, dendrodendritic
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pseudounipolar
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microglia
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bipolar
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pyramidal
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satellite cells
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microglia
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oligodendrocytes
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platelet
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ependymal cells
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accumulation of mainly B-lymphocytes (also some plasma cells and eosinophils) in the mucous membrane – GALT(gut) and BALT (bronchus)
MALT
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Round shaped lymphocytic aggregations in the malt
lymphatic nodules (follicles)
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site of initial immune response-guarding body against pathogens
MALT
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ring of tonsils at the entrance of the pharynx
waldeyer's ring
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what is the pharynheal tonsils and tubarian tonsils made up of (epi tissue type)
ciliated psudostratified epithelium
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what are the palntine tonsils and lingual tonsils made up of (epi tissue type)
stratified squamous epithelium
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?
Palatine tonsils
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what structure?
Peyer's patches and vermiform appendix
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where are peyer's patches found?
ileum
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where does lymph enter
afferent lymphatic vessels
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where does lymph leave
efferent lymphatic vessels
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what lives in the superficial or nodual structure of the lymph node
lymph nodules
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what lives in the deep or paracortex of the lymph node
T cells
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what lives in the medulla of the lymph node
medullary cords
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what makes up reticular tissue in lymph nodes
-reticular cells
-follicular dendritic cells
-follicular dendritic cells
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what is the pathway of lymph node circulation of lymphocytes from the lymph (x5)
afferent lymph vessels, subscapular sinus, trabecular sinus, medullary sinus, efferent lymph vessel
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where blood enters lymph nodes from bloodstream
high endothelial venules
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these cells from the bone infiltrate the thymus at embryonic age
multipotential lymphoid stem cells
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?
thymus
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Between the elements of the network formed by
epithelioreticular cells
epithelioreticular cells
T cell (thymocytes)
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Dispersed in the cortex• Phagocytose of T cells that do not fulfill thymic education
requerements
• Intensive PAS staining
requerements
• Intensive PAS staining
macrophages
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•Flattened cells with occluding junctions
•At the border of the cortex and the capsule or the trabeculae•Separate parenchy
•At the border of the cortex and the capsule or the trabeculae•Separate parenchy
Type I
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•Stellate cells with desmosomes and light (!) nucleus
•Express MHC I and II molecules
•Compartmentalize the cortex
•Express MHC I and II molecules
•Compartmentalize the cortex
type II
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•At the border of cortex and medulla
•Flat cells, occluding junctions•Form a barrier between the cortex and the medulla
•Express MHC I and II molecules
•Flat cells, occluding junctions•Form a barrier between the cortex and the medulla
•Express MHC I and II molecules
Type III
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•Flat cells at the border of cortex and medulla close to the type III cells
•Occluding junctions (IV-IV and IV-III)
•Form a barrier between the cortex and the medulla with type III
•Occluding junctions (IV-IV and IV-III)
•Form a barrier between the cortex and the medulla with type III
Type IV
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•Stellate cells with desmosomes and light (!) nucleus
•Compartmentalize the medulla
•Compartmentalize the medulla
Type V
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•Concentrically arranged cells (looks like an onion in section)
•Center may keratinize•Keratohyalin granules, intermediate filaments, lipid (epithelial origin)
•Desmosomes
•Produce thymosin and thymopoietin hormones – promote thymic cell education
•Center may keratinize•Keratohyalin granules, intermediate filaments, lipid (epithelial origin)
•Desmosomes
•Produce thymosin and thymopoietin hormones – promote thymic cell education
Type VI
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Protects developing lymphocytes from exposure of antigens
Blood-thymus barrier
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The spleen is the largest lymph organ.
It is divided into ___________ and ___________which are the structural substrates of the two main functions
(immunological monitoring and cellular filtration of blood).Red pulp is mostly composed of blood, and white pulp is formed by lymphatic tissue.
It is divided into ___________ and ___________which are the structural substrates of the two main functions
(immunological monitoring and cellular filtration of blood).Red pulp is mostly composed of blood, and white pulp is formed by lymphatic tissue.
white pulp and red pulp
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Splenic artery divides into _______________. ___________ branch from the trabecular into the white pulp. Central arteries are sheathed with ______________ (PALS – T cells) and pierce a lymph follicle (Malpighian
corpuscle containing B cells). After leaving the white pulp the central artery divides into straight ____________ which communicate with the sinusoids (red pulp sinuses
corpuscle containing B cells). After leaving the white pulp the central artery divides into straight ____________ which communicate with the sinusoids (red pulp sinuses
trabecular a.; central a.; periarterial lymphatic sheath; penicillar arterioles