All cards
1
what are the functions of the vertebral column
support the head & CNS
protects the spinal cord
anchor the shoulder & pelvic girdles
protects the spinal cord
anchor the shoulder & pelvic girdles
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what innervates the biceps
C5, C6
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what innervates the brachioradiallis
C5, C6
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what innervates the patellar
L2-L4
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what innervates the achilles
S1, S2
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injury/compression of a spinal nerve root; most common cause is disc herniation
radiculopathy
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what innervates the triceps (spinal levels for reflex)
C7, C8
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what are the primary curves; secondary?
primary: thoracic and sacral <
secondary: secrvical and lumbar >
secondary: secrvical and lumbar >
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what is this?
kyphosis
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what is the purpose of the superior and inferior articular processes
connect the vertebra to each other
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what is the purpose of the intervertebral foramen
spinal nerve goes through there
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what is the purpose of the transverse foramen in Cervical vertebrae
vertebral artery travels through it
34
what kind of joint is the intervertebral discs
secondary cartilagineous joints
35
red?
anterior longitudinal ligament
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yellow?
posterior longitudinal ligament?
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green?
ligament flavum
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blue?
supraspinous
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what is the dark purple?
interspinous
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light purple
intertransversus
41
what type of joint is the atlano-occipital joint?
condyloid (synovial) on Atlas
pictured under the skull to the left
pictured under the skull to the left
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what joint type is the atlanto-axial joint?
2 plane joints and 1 pivot joint
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what ligament is this
cruciform ligament
44
what happens if this lihament is damaged
dens cant be held in place; cervical instability, seen in people with down syndrome
45
what is the function of the alar ligament
prevenmts the head from ovarly rotating
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what is a jefferson fracture
fracture (burst) of C1 vertebra at one or multiple points
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what is a hangman fracture
fracture at the pars interarticularis in Axis
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what type of jints are the zygapophyseal joints
plane synovial joints
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when there is a bilateral fracture of the pars interarticularis
spondylolysis
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when there is a pars interarticularis fracture with spinal displacement
spondyloisthesis
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trapezius origin
Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TXII
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insertion of traps
Lateral one-third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula
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innervation of traps
spinal accessory nerve (motor), C3 and C4 (sensory)
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traps function
Assists in rotating the scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal; upper fibers elevate, middle fibers adduct, and lower fibers depress scapula
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Lats origin
spinous process of T7-L5, sacrum, illiac crest, ribs 10-12
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what is the insertion of the lats
intertubercular sulcus of humerus
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what is the innervatiuon of the lats
thoracoforsal nerve
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what is the function of the lats
extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus
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origin levator scapilae
transverse process C1-4
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insertion levator
upper portion medial border scapula
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innervation levator
dorsal scapular nerve
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action levator
elevatesscapula
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rhomboids origin
Spinous process T2-TV; C7-T1
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rhomboids insertion
medial border pf scapula
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rhomboids innervation
dorsal scapular nerve
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rhomboids action
retracts (adducts) and elevates scapula
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serratus posterior sup origin
Lower portion of ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of CVII to TIII, and supraspinous ligament
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serratus posterior sup insertion
Upper border of ribs II to V
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seratus posterior sup innervation
intercostal nerves
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serratus posterior sup function
elevates ribs 2-5
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serratus post infer origin
Spinous processes of TXI to LIII and supraspinous ligament
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seratus post inf insertin
Lower border of ribs IX to XII
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serratus post inf innervation
intercoatsl nerves
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serratus post inf action
Depresses ribs IX to XII
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good for hearing lung sounds (green)
triangle of auscultation
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where an inferior lumbar hernia can occur
lumbar triangle
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surrounds the deep muscles of the back
superiorly blends in with the deep fascia of the neck
is “deep” to serratus posterior muscles
superiorly blends in with the deep fascia of the neck
is “deep” to serratus posterior muscles
thoracolumbar fascia
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what are all of the deep back muscles innervated by
posterior rami
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what are the spinotransversales? (x2)
splenius cervicis, splenius capitis
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what are the actions of the spinotransversales?
rotate head (ipsilaterally), extends neck
81
what are the prox and distal attachements of the splenius cervicis?
or: spinous process T4-T6
inser: atlas
inser: atlas
82
what are the prox and distal attach of the splenius capitis
prox: c6-T3
distal: mastoid process
distal: mastoid process
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what are the erector spinae?
spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis
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what are the actios of the erector spinae?
sidebending (1 at a time), both sides: keep you upright
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what is the prox and distal attach of the spinalis
spinous process C2-T12
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what is the prox and dist attach longissimus
transverse C2-S3; sacrum
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what is the prox and dist attach of iliocostalis
ribs posterior, sacrum, illium
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what are the transversospinal muscles?
rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis
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rotatores prox dist attach
transverse to spinous (thoracic) (1-2 vert)
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multifidus prox dst attach
tranverse to spinous (lumbar) 2-4 vert
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semispinalis prox dist attach
tranvserse to spinous (thorac/cervical) 4-6 vert
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action semispinalis
controlateral rotation
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interspinous attachments
spine to spine
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intertransverse attachement
transverse to transverese
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interspinales and intertranversarii actions
proprioceptors, sense position in space
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levator costarum action
elevate the ribs for respiration
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this nerve is the posterior ramus of C2 and innervates the back of the head
greater occipital nerve
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what is in the suboccipital triangle
vertebral artery, vertebral vein, suboiccipital nerve (posterior ramus C1)
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grey matter CNS
nucleus
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grey matter PNS
ganglion (sensory or motor)
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white matter CNS
tracts
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white matter PNS
roots, rami, nerves
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afferent is to ____________ as efferent is to _______
sensory; motor
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Functional PNS axon controls skeletal muscle
GSE
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functional PNS axon controls smooth muscle and glands
GVE
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Functional PNS axon sense info from everythong that isnt viscera
GSA
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the dorsal/posterior horn and roots are always ________ and the anterior/ventral hornoot are always ___________
sensory; motor
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Injury to sympathetic GVEs distributing to ___________ can result in ___________ and ________
Disc herniations affecting cervical and lower lumbar (L3 and below) spinal nerves typically ____- impair ANS fxn.
Disc herniations affecting cervical and lower lumbar (L3 and below) spinal nerves typically ____- impair ANS fxn.
body wall; loss of vascular tone and loss of gland function; Do not
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what is the length of the spinal cord
skull to L2
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cervical enlargement length
C3-T2
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lumbar enlargement length
L1-S3
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this lies bellow the lumbar enlargement
conus medullarus
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multiple nerve roots affected by larger herniation, tumor, etc (light blue)
cauda equina syndrome
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what would a stenosis of the intervertebral foramen effect?
the spinal nerve exiting at that level
115
a surgical procedure to remove a portion of a herniated disc in the spine
discectomy
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a surgical procedure that involves removing part or all of the lamina, a bony structure on the back of the vertebra, to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves
laminectomy
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disc herniation test for cervical vertebrae herniation
spurling's test
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disc herniation test for lumbar herniation
straight leg test
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what are 2 locations that cancer can metasticise from intoi the batson's plexus to the spinal cord
breasts and pelvis
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between the dura and periostium of the vertebrae
epidural space
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potentail space between the dura and the arachnoid that contains serous fkuid
subdural space
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between arachnoid and pia, contains CSF blood vessels and connective tissue
subarachnoid space
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L2-S2, cauda equina and CSF located here
lumbar cistern
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from pia, hold the SC in place and anchor it
denticulate ligament
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filum terminale internum
descends to the level of S2 where it is joined by dura
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filum terminale externum
descends to coccygeal levels and anchors the spinal cord in the dura sac
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results from trauma directed (usually from above) through the skull and
occipital condyles onto the atlas, bursting the arch; the spinal cord is typically not injured
occipital condyles onto the atlas, bursting the arch; the spinal cord is typically not injured
jefferson fracture
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not exclusive to “hanging” injuries; results from a traumatic, hyperextension injury
that breaks the pars interarticularis of the axis bilaterally
that breaks the pars interarticularis of the axis bilaterally
hangman fracture
139
caused by deficiency in Ca++ metabolism and characterized by loss of bone density;
common in senioreriatric patients; key signs and symptoms:
a. Thoracic/lumbar back pain
b. Dysfunction in deep back muscles
c. Fractures in vertebral bodies: results in thoracic kyphosis, loss of lumbar lordosis (together
Dowanger’s hump), decreased height
common in senioreriatric patients; key signs and symptoms:
a. Thoracic/lumbar back pain
b. Dysfunction in deep back muscles
c. Fractures in vertebral bodies: results in thoracic kyphosis, loss of lumbar lordosis (together
Dowanger’s hump), decreased height
osteoporosis
140
may result in avascular necrosis of the dens
b. fragments of the dens may lacerate the spinal cord
b. fragments of the dens may lacerate the spinal cord
fractyure of the dens
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any narrowing of the vertebral canal
spinal stenosis
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inflammation of vertebral joints and ligaments, especially in the lumbar and
sacroiliac regions
sacroiliac regions
ankylosing spondylitis
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this innervates the intervertebral discs
sinuvertebral n
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this innervates the zygapophyseal joints
posterior rami
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intravertebral disc herniations: they involve herniation into adjacent vertebral
bodies; may lead to inflammation of affected vertebra
bodies; may lead to inflammation of affected vertebra
schmorl nodes
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a viral infection of posterior root (or cranial nerve ganglia); characterized by vesicular
outbreaks in a dermatomal pattern, corresponding to the territory of the infected ganglion
outbreaks in a dermatomal pattern, corresponding to the territory of the infected ganglion
herpes zoster