First 300 of 333 cards
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4 compartments of the neck
investing, visceral, vascular, vertebral
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the anterior structures of the neck (and anterir triangke) pass throug
tjorax
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the pisterior structures and triangles pass into 
upper limb
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what are the 4 deep cervicak fascia layers
investing, infrahyoud, pretracheal, prevertebral, carotid sheath
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completely surrounds the neck; arises from skull and mandible and
extends inferiorly to the sternum, clavicles, manubrium
extends inferiorly to the sternum, clavicles, manubrium
investing fascia
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begins at hyoid bone, forms an investing fascia for the infrahyoid muscles; superficial and deep
layers; continuous across the midline
layers; continuous across the midline
infrahyoid fascia
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a continuous fascial tube that surrounds the viscera in the neck:
a. Pre-tracheal proper – attaches to the hyoid bone above and fibrous pericardium below
b. Buccopharyngeal– attaches to base of the skull, covering the buccinator and
pharyngeal constrictors, fuses with pre-tracheal, fuses with adventitia of esophagus
a. Pre-tracheal proper – attaches to the hyoid bone above and fibrous pericardium below
b. Buccopharyngeal– attaches to base of the skull, covering the buccinator and
pharyngeal constrictors, fuses with pre-tracheal, fuses with adventitia of esophagus
pretracheal fascia
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attaches to base of skull and vertebrae and encloses the deep
muscles, has specializations: alar fascia, axillary sheath and Sibson’s fascia
muscles, has specializations: alar fascia, axillary sheath and Sibson’s fascia
prevertebral fascia
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space between ucoopharyngeal and prevertebral fascia; extends to base of skull
retropharyngeal space
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space between preverteral fascia and alar fascia; goes to diaphragm
third space; danger space
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what does this show?
air and or fluid in the pretracheal space and retropharyngeal space
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what innervates the platysma m
cervical branch of facial n CN VII for motor
transverse cervical n for proprioception
transverse cervical n for proprioception
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muscles that reside aboce the hyoid
suprahyoud muscles
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musckes below the hyoid
infrahyoid muscles
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the anterior jugular v drains unto _- which drains into __
external jugular v; internal jugular v
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innervation of SCM and trapezius m
spinal accessory n CN XI
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fx SCM
turn head to oppsoite side and sidebend head
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how do yo gain access to internal jugular v for procedure/surgery
enter needle between clavicular and sternal head of SCM
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what layers are traversed in a internal jugular vein injection
skin, superficial fascia, plastysmus, investing fascoa, infrahyoid fascia, carotid sheath, vein
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shortening of the SCM muscle. head turned toward effected side
congenital torticollis
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attachmets of anterior digastric m
hyoid to mandibular fossa
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attachments of styohyoid m
styloid process to hyoid bone
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attachments of omohyoid m
hyoid to scapula
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innervation anterior belly of digastric
CN V
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fx anterior belly of digastric
depress mandible
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innervation posteror belly of digastric
CN VII
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fx posterior belly of digastric
elevate hyoid bone
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fx stylohyoid m
elevate hyoid
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innetvation stylohyoid m
CN VII
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innervation mylohyoid m
CN V
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fx mylohyoid
elevate floor of mouth
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innervation geniohyoid m
a nterior rami of C1
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fx geniohyoid m
elevcates and draws hyoid anteriorly
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fx sternohyoid
depress hyoid
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fx sternothyroid
depress thyroid cartilage and larynx
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fx thyrohyoid
depress larynx or elivate it
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fx omohyoid m
depress hyoid and retract it
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innervation to sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid
ansa cervicalis
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thyrohyoid innervation
anterior rami C1
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rectus capitis lateralis fx
primarily responsible for lateral flexion of the head to the same side and stabilizing the atlanto-occipital joint during movement
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fx rectus capitis anterior
responsible for flexing the head on the neck at the atlantooccipital joint. It plays a crucial role in stabilizing the atlantooccipital joint and maintaining proper alignment between the upper cervical vertebrae and occiput
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function longus capitis
Function: It acts as a weak flexor of the head and cervical spine, working synergistically with other muscles like longus colli and scalene muscles.
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innervation longus capitus
anterior ramu C1-C3 spinal n
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longus colli fx
produce neck flexion, Longus Colli has been shown to have a postural function on cervical curvature, counteracting the lordosis increment related to the weight of the head and to the contraction of the posterior cervical muscles
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longus coli innervation
anterior rami C2-6
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anterior scalene m fx
bending neck forward and laterally, rotate the neck to opposite side; assists first rib in respiration
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anterior scalene m innervation
anterior rami C4-6
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middle scalene m innervation
elevate first rib during inhalation
lateral flexion of neck
lateral flexion of neck
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innervation middle scalene m
anterior rami C3-8
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fx posterior scalene
elevate second rib and ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck
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innervation posterior scalene m
anterior rami C5-8
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branches of the subclavian a (L/R)
1. Vertebral
2. Internal thoracic
3. Thyrocervical
trunk
4. Costocervical
trunk
5. Descending
(Dorsal) Scapular – 50%
2. Internal thoracic
3. Thyrocervical
trunk
4. Costocervical
trunk
5. Descending
(Dorsal) Scapular – 50%
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branches subclavian p1
nternal thoracic a
thyrocervical trunk
vertebral a
thyrocervical trunk
vertebral a
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branches of thyrocervicak trunk
inferior thtroid
ascending cervical
transverse cerival
suprascapular
ascending cervical
transverse cerival
suprascapular
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what does the inferior thyrpid a supply
thyroid gland
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what does the asceding cervical a supply
deep muscles of the neck, such as the anterior scalene muscle, and sends spinal branches through the intervertebral foramina to provide blood to the cervical spinal cord and its surrounding meninges.
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what adoes the transverse cervical a suppky
trapexiys m
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wat does the suprascapular a supply
supraspinatus and infraspinatus
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what branches off part 2 of the subclavuan a
costocervical trunk
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what does the costocervical trunk supply
blood to the deep cervical muscles of the back and the upper thorax, specifically the first and second intercostal spaces
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what are the branches of the costocervicak trunk
deep cervical a and superior intercostal a
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what does the deep cervical a supply
deep back muscles
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what does the superiorintercostal a supply
upper 2 posterior intercostal spaces
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what possibly can branch from the third part of the subclavian a (L/R)
dorsal scapular a
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of this artery exists, the dorsal scapular a does not
deep branch of transverse cervical
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what are the common variations of the thyrocervical trunk
one where the transverse cervical has a superficial and deep branch
OR
one where the superficial cervical a ad dorsal scapular a branch from the tyrocervicak trunk
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one where the superficial cervical a ad dorsal scapular a branch from the tyrocervicak trunk
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what spinal level does the common carotid a typically split at
C4
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what are the branches of the external carotid?
Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, maxillary, superficial tenmporal, posterior auricular, occipital, ascending pharyngeal
(Some little fat man stole papa's only apple)
(Some little fat man stole papa's only apple)
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what does the superficial temporal a supply
forehead, temporal and parietal regions of the head, the temporalis muscle, and parts of the parotid gland
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what are the branches of the superficial temporal a
frontal brancj and parietal branchand transverse facial a
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what does the frontal branch of superficial temporal a supply
forehead
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what foes the parietal branch of the superficial temporal a supply
side and back of scalp
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what does the transverse facial a supply
parotif gland and cheek
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what does the maxillary a supply
Gives off numerous branches that supply:
Muscles of mastication
Teeth and gums
Nasal cavity
Dura mater
Middle ear
Muscles of mastication
Teeth and gums
Nasal cavity
Dura mater
Middle ear
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what does the lingual a supply
oral cavity
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what does the superior thyroid a supply
thyroid
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what is the arerial support to the tonsils
ascendng pharyngeal a
ascending palantine a from facial a
dorsal lingual branches of lungual a from lingual a
ascending palantine a from facial a
dorsal lingual branches of lungual a from lingual a
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what n runs with the occipital a
CN XII
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what n runs with the superior thyroid a
external laryngeal n (innervates cricthyroid m)
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what n runs with the superior laryngeal a
internal laryngeal n
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branches of the superior thyroid a that anastomose across the midline
infrahyoid a abd superior laryngeal a
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branches od lungual a that anastomose acrpss the midline
suprahypid, dorsal lingual, sublinguial a
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branches of facial a that anastomose across the midline
ascending palatine a
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branches of occipital a that anastomose acrpss the midline
occipital branches
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fx as a baroreceptor, consists of dilation ofd lower end of internal carotid a
carotid sinus (blue)
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small redisj vrwn chemorecepor innervated by CN IX
carotid bpdy (black)
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the superficial neck is drained by these veins
anterior and external jugular v
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veins that dumb into the internal jugular v
Retromandibular vein
• Common facial vein
• Middle thyroid vein
• Additional branche
• Common facial vein
• Middle thyroid vein
• Additional branche
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superficial structures of the facse drain to thes elymph nodes
superficial cervical nodes
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the level 1 lymoh nodes drain to
levels II and III
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the level II lymph nodes drai to
Levels III-V
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the level III lymph nodes drain to
level IV
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the level IV lymph nodes drain to
thoracuc duct or right lymphatic duct
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what do the level V lumph nodes drain to
posterior triangle to level IV
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what do the level VI lymph nodes drain to
levels II to IV
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what does the level VII lymph nodes drain to
sperior mediastinum
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where does CN I arise?
forebrain
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where does CN II arise
diencephalon
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where do CNIII-XII arise
brainstem
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where does CN XI arrise
spinal cord
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pseudounipolar cell bodies in sensory ganglia
afferent
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innervate skeletal muscle of viscera
efferent
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which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers
CN III, VII, IX, and X
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taste and olfaction
special visceral afferent (SVA)
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viscion, balanxe and hearing
special somatic afferentr (SSA)
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these cranial n innervate the extra ocular muscles
CN III, IV, and VI
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pathway of GVE oculomotor III
edwnger westphal nucleus to suerior orbital fissure to short ciliary m (synapse) to cilliary m, pupillary sphincter m
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what does the oculomotor n (III) innervate in the ocular m (GSE)
levator palpebrae superioris m, superior rectus m, medial rectus m, inferior rectus m, inferior oblique m
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what important eye m does the trochear n innervate (GSE)
suprior oblique m
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what m does the abducens innervate (imp eye muscle) (GSE)
lateral rectus
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what is the fx of the trigeminal n CNV
senspry innervation (GSA) to face and innervates muscles of mastication
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what is the pathway for V1 trigeminal CNV
GSA from pons through trigeminal ganglion to superior orbital fissure and V1 innervation (also hits ciliary ganglion)
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what is the pathway for V2 trigemial CNV
GSA fdrom pons and medulla go through trigeminal ganglion and fotamen rotundum to innervate V2 sensory. also hits pterygopalatine ganglion
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what is the pathway for V3 trigeminal CN V
GSA and SVE pons and medulla through trigeminal ganglion through foramen ovale to V3 innervation
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what is innervated by the V1 branch of CN V
GSA to frontal and lacrimal
GSA to nasociliary than long ciliary to eye and short ciliary through ciliary ganglion
GSA through nasociliary branching ti posterior and anterior ethmoidal and infratrochlear
GSA to nasociliary than long ciliary to eye and short ciliary through ciliary ganglion
GSA through nasociliary branching ti posterior and anterior ethmoidal and infratrochlear
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what is innervated by the CN V at V2 maxillary
GSA thrugh foramen rotundum to descending palantine and nasopalantine.
GSA through foramen rotundum and inferior orbital fissure to zygomatic
GSA posterior to middle superiuor alveolar m at dental plexus
GSA through infraorbital foramen (anterior) to infraorbital
GSA through foramen rotundum and inferior orbital fissure to zygomatic
GSA posterior to middle superiuor alveolar m at dental plexus
GSA through infraorbital foramen (anterior) to infraorbital
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CN V V3 mandibular branch innervation GSA
through foramen ovale to buccal and ligual
through foramen ovale and mandibular foramen to inferior alveolar and mental
through foramen ovale and mandibular foramen to inferior alveolar and mental
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CN V V3 mandibular innervation SVE
through foramen ovale to tensir tympani, tensor veli palatini, mm of mastication, nerve to mylohyoid, and anterior belly of digastric
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what do nerves CN VII, IX, and X innervate basically
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what does the cranial nerve innervate Facial VII
-muscles of facial expression through internal auditory meatus and stylomastoid foramen
-glands to oral cavity (GVE)
-taste anterior 2/3 tongue (SVA)
-glands on palate, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (GVE)
-lacrimal gland (GVE)
-fdeep petrosal n (GVA)
-glands to oral cavity (GVE)
-taste anterior 2/3 tongue (SVA)
-glands on palate, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (GVE)
-lacrimal gland (GVE)
-fdeep petrosal n (GVA)
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glossopharyngeal n fx
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CN X vagus n fx
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what do the 4 parasympathetic ganglia hitchhike on?
CN V branches
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what are the 4 parasympathetic ganglia
ciliary (CN III), Otic (CN IX), pterygopalatine (CN VII), submanibular (CN VII)
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what are the 4 sensory ganglia in cranial N
trigeminal (CN V). geniculate (CN VII), inferior (CN IX and X), and superior (CN IX and X)
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functions of the spinal accesory n
Elevating and rotating the head contralaterally (opposite side)
Flexing the neck
Tilting the head towards the side of the contracting muscle
Assists in breathing by elevating the ribs during deep inspiration
Contributes to swallowing by innervating some muscles of the pharynx
Flexing the neck
Tilting the head towards the side of the contracting muscle
Assists in breathing by elevating the ribs during deep inspiration
Contributes to swallowing by innervating some muscles of the pharynx
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functions of the hypoglossal n (CN XII)
controls all the muscles of the tongue, enabling movements for speech and swallowing. It also contains sympathetic fibers that supply blood vessels and glands in the mouth.
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motor n in cervical plexus
ansa cervicalis
C1 to thyrohyoid
phrenic
C1 to thyrohyoid
phrenic
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what spinal rami form the cervical plexus
C1-4
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what does the ansa cervicalis (c1-3) supplu
motor innervation to the infrahyoid m
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the roots of the brachial plexus emerge between these two nexk muscles
middle and anterior scalene
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the SVE/BE for skeletal muscle are derived from...
oharyngeal arch
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what does the vagus n course through as it travels through the neck
carotid sheath
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vagus n branches in the neck (x3)
Pharyngeal branches
Superior laryngeal n.
--Internal laryngeal n.
--External laryngeal n.
Recurrent/Inferior laryngeal n.
Superior laryngeal n.
--Internal laryngeal n.
--External laryngeal n.
Recurrent/Inferior laryngeal n.
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what is the s/s of a vagus n injiury at the jugular fpramen or a brainstem lesion
Il dysphagia, sagging palate, horseness
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what is ine s/s of a vagus n inhjury at the superior laryngeal n post caotid surgery
diminished coughing reflex, aspiration, monotonous vpice, IL deviation of thyrpid cartilage, IL vocal cord is slacjk
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what is the s/s of an internal larynheal n surgery and what can cause it
diminished cpugh reflex
-traima, lumphadeopathy, retrieval of fpreign object in priform recess
-traima, lumphadeopathy, retrieval of fpreign object in priform recess
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what is the s/s of an external laryngel n injury and what can cause it
-monotonous voice, Il devoation of thyrpid cartilage and Il vocal cord is slack
-ligation of the superior thyroid a
-it oinnervates the cricothyrud and inferior constrictor
-ligation of the superior thyroid a
-it oinnervates the cricothyrud and inferior constrictor
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what are the s/s and wjat can cause injury to the recurrent larungeal n
horseness, paralyzed vocal cord, innervation to all laryngeal miuscles except cricothyroid and sensory below vocal cords
-aorric arch aneurysm, surgical repair of PDA, ligation of inferior thyroid a
-aorric arch aneurysm, surgical repair of PDA, ligation of inferior thyroid a
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what is the fusion of the superior cervical ganglia?
C1-4
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