Embryology exam 1

what are the periods of development?

what happens during the psriod of early development? (x5)

what happens during the embryonic period?

what is succeptable to birth defects in the fetal period?

parental and materal strands

one copy (either parental or maternal or a mix)

what is the final product of spermatogenesis?

what is the final product of oogenesis

stem cells that can form sperm or eggs, unfertilized at this point

where do the primordial germ cells travel to differentiate?

what forms in/around the genital ridge

what do the primordial germ cells becme when they enter the genital ridge

what surrounds the primative sex cords if they are destined to become testes

what surrounds the primative sex cords if they are destined to become oocytes

when do the primordial germ cells actovate in males

what is the pathway to primordial germ cell activation in males

what is the blue?

what is the orange?

what is the 3 at the center?

sperm making pathway

conversion of spermatids into mature sperm

what does the process of spermiogenesis include

where does capacitation occur

what does capacitation do?

By week _________________ of development, a population of oogonia enter the first meiotic prophase and become dormant until ________________________

oocyte and follicle cells together

what secreted by the folicular cells prevents any further progression of the cell cycle

what specific primary cell type?

primary? secondary? definitive?

specific primary folicle type

The hypothalamus releases this to control levels of pituitary hormone and ovulation

when do LH and FSH spike causing an estradiol spike

what type of follicule

what oocyte detaches into the atrium during ovulation

what is the summary of female egg production

what happens if there is implantation (corpus luteu)

Trisomy 21?

X0

XXY?

what are the phases of fert

what is the zona rxn

what is the cortical reaction

what are the zygote cells called in the first week of division

what happens during compaction

blastocyst

when does implantation occur

what is an ectopic pregnancy

implantation in the cervix

detachedleeding of the uterus

placenta penitrates too deply into the uterine wall

placenta penitrates too deeply into the uterine muscle

placenta penitrates too deeply through the uterne wall into the organs

what develops from the embryoblast?

what does the embryoblast make

what does the trophoblast make

what tissues form from the trophoblast (cell types)

what two spaces develop in the 2nd week

what is the asterix (cavity)?

where does the amniotic fluid come from?

too much amniotic fluid

too little amniotic fluid

these form from the hypoblast and line the primary yolk sac

what are the layers of the extraembryonic mesoderm?

this secretes HCG

what could increased HCG levels indicate?

what could decreased HCG levels on repeated testing mean

these in the syncytiotrophoblast, fill with blood

what layers must materials initially cross tp resach mother to fetus

what tissues is the chorion composed of?

the X genome develops ___________________ and the Y genome develops ____________

what are the propose mechanisms for molar pregnancy (x2)

what are some key signs for molar pregnancy

intellectual disability, congenital heart defects, low-set ears, and flexion of fingers and hands (Fig. 2.10). In addition, patients frequently show micrognathia, renal anomalies, syndactyly, and malformations of the skeletal system.

intellectual disability, holoprosencephaly, congenital heart defects, deafness, cleft lip and palate, and eye defects, such as microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma; 90% die days after birth

only monosomy compatible with life. Even then, 98% of all fetuses with the syndrome are spontaneously aborted. The few that survive are unmistakably female in appearance (Fig. 2.12) and are characterized by the absence of ovaries (gonadal dysgenesis) and short stature. Other common associated abnormalities are webbed neck, lymphedema of the extremities, skeletal deformities, and a broad chest with widely spaced nipples.

what three layers form the third week

when does gastrulation occur?

what is the stody of gastrulation

how does the notochord form?

what are the functions of the notochord (x4)

what are the two types of embryonic folding?

heart forms outside the heart due to improper folding

heart is on the wrong side of the body due to a midline defect

everything forms on the ride side of the body (organs) due to midline defectsody axis defects

epithalial mesoderm benign tumor

epithelial mesoderm malignant tumor

epithalial endoderm/ectoderm benign tumors

epithalial endo/ecto malig tumors

connective tissue benign tumotr

connective toissue malig timor

what do neural crest cells form

what happens weeks 9-12 dev

wks 13-16 dev?

wks 17-20 dev

wks 21-25 dev

wks 26-29 lungs

wks 35-38 fetal dev

what uterine layers must you penitrate in amniocentesis

what is the pathway of somite development

what do somites differentiate into? (x2)

process where sclerotome portion of each somite's caudal half grows and fuses with the cranial half of the adjacent sclerotome

the cranial portion of the first cervical sclerotome helps to form the ______________

the intervertebral discs forms from these (x2)

the dermomyotome splits and becomes (x2)

muscles of the head are formed from

muscles of the limbs are formed by

form Muscles of the back, shoulder girdle, and intercostal muscles

form body wall, infrahyoid, and limb muscles

what does the ventral ramus inivate

what is the most likely diagnosis?

if the cranial portion of the neuropore doesnt close

if the caudal portion of the neuropore doesnt clsoe

these cells differentiate into mesenchymal cells

what is the developmental sequence of nerves

what do neural crest cells give rise to specifically (5)

neural tube doesnt close and neural tissue is sealed out of spinal column and not covered

neural tube doesnt close and neural tissue is sealed out of spinal column and is covered

occur during organogenesis and result in abnormal strcture

results from external influences that cause alterations of completely formed structures or organs

abnornal structure resulting from mechanocal forces (congenital abnormality)

abnormal organization of cells into tissue (congenital abnormality)

absence of organ

cells to form an organ never formed (migrating cells)

anomalies occuring tofether without determined cause

absence of opening or lumen

overgrowth of an organ

underdevelopment of an organ

functions to stimulate the development of ovarian follicles and production of estrogen

serves as a trigger for ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone

secreted by the trophoblast and appears in materna;l blood 24-48hrs after fertilization, can be used for pregnancy tests during the first 10 days

masses of endodernally derived tissue commonly associateds with the spinal cprd; derived from neurenteric canal where ectoderm and endoderm are closely associated

results from the innapropriate death of midline cells, causes a deficiencyt of midline head structures

a neurological condition where the spinal cord is abnormally attached to surrounding tissues, limiting its movement and causing neurological problems

vascular derivatives of the mesoderm