Embryo exam 2

what system is the first to develop and function

oxygenated blood for the fetus comes from here

cardiac precurspr cells lie in the ________- and migrate to the __________ to form the _____________

the secondary heart field resides in ________ and lengthens the arterial and veinous poles

what brings the heart from the head to the chest cavity

this if taken in pregnancy can lead to heart defects because sertatonin is essential in the embryonic folding that creates the primative heart

this suspends the transverse heart tube and later forms the transverse pericardial sinus

what does the bulbus cordis give rise to?

what are the first 4 parts of the heart tube?

what day does the cardiac tube begin to bend?

what makes up the cardiac tube on day 23

what day does cardiac looping complete?

where does everything end up at the end of cardiac looping?

where does the sinus venosus receive blood from bilaterallu (x3)

where does the vitelline v get its blood from

where does trhe umbilical v get its blood from

where does the common cardinal v get ts blood from

what happens at wks 4 and 5 of venous shift in the heart

what does the right sinus horn become

what does the incorporation of the right sinus horn result in

endocardial cushions from _____________ serve to partition rhe truncus

endocardial cushions from __________ partition atria, ventricals, and AV canals

this creates oblique blood flow once the septum primum has formed

this allows blood flow once the septum primum forms

the septum secundum becomes this

this gives rise to the pulmonary vein in the left atrium

this forms the AV valves

the primary ventricke forms (x2)

the truncus arteriosus forms (x2)

what forms the IV septum

what are the 4 abnirmalities of teralogy of fallot

conducting system of the heart (x3) steps

1 atrium

the ductus arteriosus persists as this

all arteries and lymphatics develop from this germ layer

extraembryonic mesoderm vessels form initially from _____

big 3 arterial networks and what they supply

what does arch IV become on the right

what does arch IV become on the left

what does arch V become

what does arch VI become on the right

what does arch VI become on the left

what dpes the dorsal aorta become on the right

what dpoes the dorsal aorta become on the left

this connects the pulmonary a to left dorsal a

what does the ductus arteriosus become

what runs under the ligamentum arteriosum

produces a continuous murmur head best at L sternal border
permits flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery (PA)  recirculation through lungs = L overload and enlargement

narrowing of the aorta

where does narrowing of the aorta usually occur in coarctation cases

key signs and symptoms of coarctation of the aorta

condition where right subclavuan a hooks esophagus and makes swallowing difficult

symetric system of veins present at 5th week of development

what hap[pens during shiftin of vitelline and umbilical veins

what do the cardinal veins becpme (x3)

what does the testicukar or ovarian v (R) and (L) drain into

what does this show

what are the two important shunts that develop in the embryonic heart?

defects in endocardial cushions

excessive absorption of septum primum or poor
development of septum secundum

lack of closure of ostium primum; occurs near AV valves
and commonly associated with valvular problems or VSD

defects in the muscular part are common but usually spontaneously resolve (not
clinical)
• defects in the membranous part are much more serious (70-80% of clinical VSDs) -
the clinical consequences depend on the size of the defect: a large defect can cause
left to right shunting of blood while a small defect may close spontaneously

absence of a atrial septum resulting in a three chambered
heart

this leads to hypertrophy of the right atrium and
ventricle and hypotrophy of the left chambers; patient typically dies shortly after birth

the septum that normally divides the aorta and pulmonary trunk does not form properly

always have patency of the foramen ovale, VSD, underdeveloped
right ventricle and hypertrophy of the left ventricle

improper formation of the tricuspid valve where the valves are partially
fused to the ventricular wall; part of the right ventricle becomes “atrialized”; accompanied by
tricuspid regurgitation; indicated by cyanosis and heart failure; usually accompanied by a
ASD

poorly developed left ventricle; as blood returns from the
lungs it must pass through an ASD to the right atrium, into the right ventricle and then
through a patent ductus arterious into the systemic circulation; without surgical correction
this condition is fatal

• conotruncal ridges do not fuse
• accompanied by IV septal defect
• the truncus gets blood from both ventricles

dilation of lymphatic channels or congenital hypoplasia of
lymphatic channels

large swellings composed of fluid filled cavities; involve jugular lymph
sacs that fail to connect lymphatic vessels

what do neural crest cells give rise to in the respiratory system (x2)

what does the splanchnic mesoderm give rise to respiratory (x3)

what does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to (respiratpory)

what does the enfdoderm give rise to in the respiratory system

this is the name of the initial outgrowth of the respiratory system from the foregut

development of lungbuds: these ridges seperate the lung buds from the foregut

development of lungbuds: these seperate the trachea and the lungbuds from esophagus

what is the 4th pharyngeal arch innervated by

what is the 6th pharygeal arch innervated by?

what are the fxs of amniotic fluid in lung development (x3)

inhalation in eutero of fetal feces

during weeks ~4-7
the lungs grow into the ceolom; pleural cavity

during weeks ~5-16
the lungs grow into the pleural cavities
terminal bronchioles but no gas exchange structures yet

during weeks ~16-26
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts are present
gas exchange is possible towards the end of this stage

during weeks ~26-birth
the epithelium becomes thin to form Type I alveolar cells
capillaries bulge into alveoli
near the beginning of this stage, type II alveolar cells begin to produce surfactant

begins near birth and continues until approximately 8 years of age
mature alveoli form only after birth
during this period, the number and size of alveoli increases

what is CHAOS syndrome?

extra superior lobe of rught lung

Results from insufficient surfactant – this causes alveoli to collapse during expiration

lobes of lung tissue arising from the trachea or esophagus

agenesis, absence of one or both lungs; congenital absence of a lung has an incidence of 0.007% (2/30,000) of autopsies (Ellis,1917)

aplasia, formation of rudimentary bronchi

hypoplasia, incomplete development of the lung

what is a VACTERL association

what does the endoderm form in the gut tube?

what does the mesoderm form in the gut tube

what does the ectoderm form in the gut tube

this provides the communucation between the gut and yolk sac while the gut tube is forming

this artery supplies the foregut

this artery supplies the midgut

this artery supplies the hijdgut

what happens in a tracheoesophageal fistula?

this causes the stomach to rotate when being formed

what innervates the stomach

the stomach pulls the duodenum _____________________ (c shape); it receives blood from these arteries

the duodenum has a solid stage before going through thus where cavitiues are formed

what is this case? what caused it possibly

what outgrows from the foregut (x3)

this causes the posterior movement of the ventral bud of the pancreas and causes the pancreatic buds ad the ducts to fuse

a rare, congenital condition where a ring of pancreatic tissue encircles the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. It is caused by an embryonic developmental anomaly, potentially linked to trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). Symptoms, which can appear in infancy or adulthood, include vomiting, abdominal pain, and duodenal abstructoion

what forms the primary intestinal loop

what forms from the cephallic limb of midgut

what forms from the caudal limb of midgut

explain the process of umbilical herniation at 6wks

what is this? how does this occur

what is the rule of 2s with meckel's diverticulum

what does this show; what cause sthis

what is this? what is an earrly sign of this?

what does this show; what are some complications of this?

the hindgut terminates here; where the endoderm meets ectoiderm here is referred to as this

this divides the cloaca into urogenital sinus and anorectal canal; it also distinguishes urogenital membrane and anal membrane

Lower 1/3 of anal canal derived from ectoderm at proctodeum – invaginates to form _______

the degeneration of this estabilishes continuity between parts of the anal canal

rectum forms fistulka with vagina; from a blind nonfunctional anal pit

an abnormal connection between the rectum (the last part of the large intestine) and the perineum (the area between the anus and the genitals)

what does this show; what can cause this

somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm (________ (Parietal)
splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm (________) (Visceral)

the visceral and parietal layers of lateral plate mesoderm are continuous as this when the coelom is forming

external heart. Skin/membrane may cover heart. Ventral wall defect. Sometimes w other midline anomalies, very low survival rate ~10%. Improper somatopleure folding.

a severe congenital defect characterized by five central abdominal and thoracic abnormalities: a midline abdominal wall defect (often an omphalocele), a defect of the lower sternum, a deficient anterior diaphragm, a defect in the diaphragmatic pericardium, and a malformed heart, often found outside the chest (ectopia cordis).

herniation of guts through an enlarged umbilical ring; covered by amnion; high rate of mortality (25%), children also usually have cardiac and neural tube defects
-Organs within sac protrube into umbilicus. Seen often w chromosomal disorders. HIGH mortality. Midline defect!!!!

improper closing of body wall; herniation of guts through a body wall defect INTO the amniotic cavity – viscera can be damaged by exposure to amniotic fluid, can be complicated by volvulus
- wall did not close, organs herniate into amniotic fluid (caustic to intestine!) Usually right of midline defect. High/low maternal age, substance exposure. No clear genetic association. Volvulos common. Try to fix w Silo operation= plastic sleeve around intestine (still outside cavity) and slowly return into cavity. Still high mortality.

what is this? what causes it

partitioning of the coelom: this derived from splanchnic mesoderm is part of the developong diaphragm and seperates the heart and liver

what does the septum transversum become

these are opening that conect with the abdominal cavity on either side of the foregut. If they do not close, a certain type of diaphragmatic hernia can occur

the growth of the lungs form these; the fusion of them forms three coimparents (x3)

the pleuropericardial membranes contain these which are covered in somatic mesoderm

this permits comunication from the pleural cavities to the peritoneal cavity

common; defect in the right crus and/or short esophagus
the upper part of the stomach is retained in the thorax and the stomach is constricted at the level of the diaphragm

rare; opening at costosternal junction (foramen of Morgagni: between septum transversum and costal margin of diaphragm)
90% on the right side

a developmental defect in the posterolateral diaphragm that permits herniation of abdominal contents into the thorax.

dorsal mesentery is these types of mesoderm

grwoth of the liver divides the mesentery into...(x2)

these ligaments guard bare area of liver

these mesenteries are the splenic vessels and tail of pancreas

these mesenteries are the short gastroic arteries and left gastropiplooic a

the greater omentum is divided (x3)

this is the bursa behind the stomach border (greater omentum)
lesser sac

a medical condition where a part of the intestine twists around itself, obstructing the flow of food and waste
-Twists around mesentery or d/t lack of mesentery. Gangrenous bowel, perforated bowel. Can see intermittent pain from twist and untrist 🡪harder to diagnose.

multiple small splenic nodules without a main body

what does this show

what organs are peritoneal

what organs are primary retroperitoneal

what organs are secondary retroperitoneal

has a mesenteru

never had a mesentery

had a mesentery in embryo but gone

this is the longitudinal elevation of intermediate mesoderm that later develkops parts of the urinary and reproductive system

what does the urogenital ridge give rise to (x2)

what is the timeline of kidney development (x3)

what are the first set of kidneys called? wjere do they forst appear?

what do the mesonephroi develop from? where do they develop?

what makes up the promordium of the permanent kidney

where do the metanephroi develop? what sprouts from it?

what does the ureteric bud give rise to? (5)

the metanephric blastema will give rise to this...

how do the kidneys change position during development

what are all the potential blood supplies to the kidney as it develops

If a kidney does not ascend (ectopic) where will it most likely be found?

. If there is a failure of rotation, the hilum faces _____________, which is the embryonic position. If over rotation occurs, then the hilum will face _________-

missing kidney

an additional, fully developed kidney that is present in addition to the two normal kidneys

a condition where a ureter, the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder, is abnormally wide and cannot function properly.

a congenital anomaly where the ureter, the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder, splits into two separate branches before reaching the bladder

what is this? what did they get stuck on causing this

this divides the cloaca; what segments is the cloaca divided into?

what are the 3 parts of the urogenital sinus

Confluence of urethra, vagina, and rectum
into a common channel

what does the allantois become in the yrorectal region?

a rare, fluid-filled sac in the midline of the lower abdomen, formed from a remnant of a fetal structure called the urachus

where does differentiation of the early genital systems begin?

Early genital system development: primordial germ cells migrate from _______ through dorsal mesentery to reach ________-

The _- gene on the short arm of the Y chromosome acts as a switch that dorects production o the testes determining factor (TDF)

in males, primitive sex cords become ________- and give rise to the _______

what do the seminiferous cords become (x3)

These derived fro the epitheliym secrete MIS

this leads the indifferent gonads to differentiate into the ovary

females: the primordial follicles are formed by __________ breaking up into clusters and surrounding germ cells

how do the testes descend

these ducts persist in males

these ducts persist in females

these secrete the testosterine that induces masculine differentiate of the mesonephrenic ducts

female: what do the urethral and paraurethral glands develop from

female: what do the greater vestibular glands develop from

what is the vagina formed from? (x2)

what is this? which structure formed improperlu

what is the test called that shows thie dye

double uterus, is a rare congenital condition where a person is born with two separate uteruses, often accompanied by two cervices and a double vagina

congenital uterine anomaly where the top of the uterus has a small, saddle-shaped indentation.

rare congenital uterine malformation where the uterus is divided into two separate horns (bicornuate) but has a single cervix (unicollis); 2 cervix would be bicollis (add after bicornis)

males: the primordial phallus enlarges to form the _____

males: the urethral folds form the ;ateral walls of the ______-- on the ventral surface of the penis

what is the glans of the penis formed from

the periphery of the glans penis breaks down to form this

the labioscrotal swellings fuse to form ...

when fusion of the urethral folds are incomplete

female: this decreases in sixe to become the clitoris

female: the urogenital fold fuse posteriorly to form the ______

female: the unfused portions of the urogenita folds form the _____

the labiosacral folds fuse posteriorly to form ____ and anteriorly to form _________

the urethral folds fuse posteriorly to form the _______- of the labia minora

a rare genetic disorder where the body is unable to respond to male hormones (androgens), such as testosterone.

what is the maternal part of the placenta derived from 9germ layer)

what is the maternal part of the placenta called?