Head

top of the skull

channels between the layers of dura

a potential space located between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges) and the inner surface of the vertebral column

a narrow, fluid-filled area located between the brain and spinal cord and the innermost layer of the meninges, called the pia mater

a thin, potential space located between the dura mater (outermost layer of the meninges) and the arachnoid mater (middle layer of the meninges) of the brain

dural fold between cerebrum R and L

dual fold between cerebellum and cerebrum

dural fold

dural fold over pituitary gland

venous channels formed between 2 dural layers

what drains into the dural venous sinus

what drains the dural sinus

does the dural venous sinuses have valves?

the dural venous sinuses run between layers of _____-

how do wound from the superficial scalp transfer to the brain (infection)

what passes through the outer wall of the cavernous sinus

what passe through the cavernous sinus

what does the cavernous sinus drain to?

explain the danger zone of the face?

dural innervation

what artery supplies the ACF floor and branch of anterior ethmoidal a

what artery suplies MCF, most of dura, brach of maxilary a

what artery supplies MCf and branch of maxillary a

what artery supplies the PCF floor and branch of occipital and vertebral a

Acute/Chronic
Venous
old age; minor fall/injury
infants/children abuse; shaken baby syndrome
-cresceny t shapped

where does tearing occur in subdural hematoma

-Symptoms due to pressure-Arterial
Headache
Confusion/disorientation
Lethargy
Unresponsiveness
Can have initial LUCID
interva

usually arterial, can be venous
Traumauptured aneurysm
Sudden, painful headache
Neck stiffness
Vomiting/nausea
Feel like head will explode
Loss of consciousness
Aversion to light (photophobia)
Bloody CSF on CT or LP


Sensory ganglion of CN V
Houses cell bodies of pseudounipolar sensory
neurons
a.k.a.; Gasserian, Semilunar

-Sensory disorder in CN V-Described as stabbing, lightning bolt-like pain
that may be very temporary or lengthy in duration -More likely in V
2
, V
3
than in V
1-May be due to blood vessel constricting
sensory root of CN V
(middle meningeal a.)

parasympathetic supply to yhe parotid gland is frpm

fx masseter

innervation masseter m

innervation temporalis m

fx temporalis m

fx lateral pterygoid

innervation lateral pterygoid

fx medial pterygoid m

innervation medial pterygoid m

responsible for hindge/elevation depression of the jaw

responsible for the gliding movemet of the jaw

what does this show

branches of infratemporal fdossa

where do the parts of the maxilarry artery run

artery that supplies the foramen spinosum; fro first part maxulkary a

artery that supplies the mandibular canal fro first part of maxilary a

artery that supplies the temporalis m; from 2nd oart of maxillary a

artery thjat runs with the buccal n and supplies the cheek and buccinator m

• Sensory innervation of the dura mater mainly in the middle cranial
fossa
• Supply the mastoid cells that communicate with the middle ear

It also gives innervation to the tensor veli palatini
• It enters into the temporal bone above the pharyngotympanic canal
(superior part of the canalis musculotubarius) innervating the tensor
tympani muscle located in the canal

• Usually 2 nerves ascending to the infratemporal fossa
• Supply the temporalis muscle from its deep surface

• Passes laterally over the lateral pterygoid muscle
• Runs through the mandibular notch innervating the masseter muscle

Runs into the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid, innervating the muscle

• Predominantly sensory nerve
• May carry motor fibers to the lateral pterygoid and temporalis muscle
• Passes laterally between the upper and lower heads of the lateral pterygoid
• Descends anterior to the mandibular ramus
• Often pierces the tendon of the temporalis muscle
• Runs on the lateral surface of the buccinator
• Innervates the oral mucosa and the skin of the cheek

• Sensory innervation of the anterior two-third of the tongue, oral mucosa on the floor of
the oral cavity and lower lingual gingiva
• Chorda tympani merges with the lingual nerve carrying taste fibers from the anterior
two-third of the tongue and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers for the
submandibular and sublingual glands (ggl: submandibular)
• Descends on the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle
• Runs on the superior surface of the mylohyoid

•Inferior alveolar nerve
• Descends on the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle
• Passes between the sphenomandibular ligament and the mandibular ramus
• Enters into the mandibular canal where provides sensory innervation of the lower teeth
and the associated gingiva
• Terminal branch exits the mandible through the mental foramen as mental nerve
providing sensory innervation of the mucosa and skin of the lower lip and chin
• Before entering in the mandibular canal inferior alveolar nerve gives a motor branch:
the nerve to the mylohyoid that runs in the mylohyoid groove and innervates the
mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric muscles

• Originates with two roots that surround the middle meningeal artery
• Passes between the tensor veli palatini and the upper head of lateral pterygoid
• Then passes between the sphenomandibular ligament and the mandibular neck
• Curves around the mandibular neck and ascends between it and the ear
• Sensory innervation of the temple, external ear, external acoustic meatus, tympanic
membrane and the temporomandibular joint
• Also delivers postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ggl (medial side of the
mandibular nerve just under the foramen ovale) to the parotid gland (preganglionic
fibers from CN IX via lesser petrosal nerve)

structures that pass through the parotid gland

innervation to parotid gland

major blood vessel that supplies the face

this vein drains much of the strictures of the face`

what does the facial v drain into

infections from here can travel thrpug what to the braon

Separates the oral cavity from the
nasal cavity
• Formed by the palatine processes of
the maxillae (anterior ¾) and the
horizontal processes of the palatine
bones (posterior ¼)
• Superiorly covered my respiratory
mucosa
• Inferiorly covered by oral mucosa
forming

Continues posteriorly from the hard
palate
• Superiorly covered my respiratory
mucosa
• Inferiorly covered by oral mucosa
• Can be depressed and elevated
• Uvula – small projection hanging
from the posterior free margin

5 muscles associated wth the soft palate

actions of tensor veli palatini

innervation tensor velu palatini

actions levator veli palatini

innervation levaor velu palatini

clinical testing for the levator veli palatini

palatopharyngeus m action

innervation palatopharyngeus m

actions of the palatoglossus m

innervation of the palatoglossus m

action musculus uvulae

innervation musculus uvulae

the nasopalatine n leaves through the ___________ foramen to reac the nasal cavity and leaves through the ___- to supply the anterior hard palare

what does the nasopalatine nerve innervate

the greater and lessser palatine n pass throh the ________-- and enter the oral surface of the palate through the ______ foramina

the greater palatine n innervate ________________

the lesser palatine n innervates the ...

the ascendin palatine a is a branch of this a; it loops ocer this muscle and penetrates this fascia

the ascending palatine a follows the _____-- to the soft palate

this a has the same course as the ascending palatine a

the descending palatine a passes through the _________- with the palatine n; it enters theoral surface of the palate through the ______________-- foramina as these arteries

the descending palatine a supplies this

the veins of the palate drain the same as the arteries and ultimately drain into the ___________- and _________

where does lymph from the palate go?

boundaries f the pterygopalatine fossa

what communicates through the pp fossa

how does the nasal cavty communicate via the pp fossa

how does the orbit communicate through the pp fossa`

how does the nasopharynx communicate through the pp fossa

how does the oral cavity communicate through the pp fossa

where is the ppg fossa?

what CN is the pterygopalatine ganglion associated with

this n carries postganglionic GVE fibers to the lacrimal gland

GVE and GVA hitchike on this n to reach the lacrimal gland

these n supply the medial and lateral walls of the nasal cavity

this n innervates the nasal cavity than passes into the oral cavity via the incisive canal

these nerves form the superior dental plexus, a network of nerves located in the upper jawbone (maxilla) that innervates the teeth and surrounding structures

innervation to the cheek mucosa

fx genioglossus m

innervation geniogkossus m

hyoglossus action

innervationhyoglossus m

action styloglossus m

innervation styloglossus m

extrinsic tongue muscles

fx intrinsic m of tongue

when there is a cranial n injury, the tonmgue deviates to the (same side/op[posite side) of the injury

in terms of a CN injury, the uvula deviates to the (same side/opposure side) of the injury

Gag reflex ns

supplies post tongue, tonsils, epiglottois, soft palate

supplies the tongue tip, R/L anastasomes and is contimuatiom of lingual a

this a is under the mucosa and supplies the sublingual gland and mylohyoid m

Accompany lingual a. (vena comitantes)
Receive dorsal lingual and sublingual vv.
Drain to IJV

Accompany CN XII
Usually larger than lingual v.
Drains to facial v

how are drugs absorbed sublingually

innervations of submandibular and lingual glands

how does the frontal sinus drain

how do the ethmoidal air cells drain

what drains the sphenoidal sinus

what drains the maxillary sinus

anterior cavity lymph drainage nasal

posterior cavity lymoh drainage

smell

general sense nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

parasympathetics to secretomotor to nasal mucosal glands

what is the movement at the cricothyroid jint?

what is the movement at the cricoarytenoid articulation

ddx

fx of thyroarytenoid m

innervation thyroartenoid m

innervation cricothyroid m

fx cricothyroid m

if one of the cricothyroid m is weak, it will deviate to the side...

fx posterior cricoarytenoid m

fx lateral cricoarytenoid m

fx aryepiglottcus

what drains the larynx supraglottic

what drains the infraglottic larynx

what structures are at risk in a cricothyrotomy

what structures are at risk when performing a treacheostomy

boundaries of nasopharynx

boundaries of oropharynx

boundaries of laryngopharynx