Biotics

skeletal muscle. cardiac muscle. smooth muscle.

voluntary striated. forms body flesh attached to the bone

involuntarily striated. forms wall of heart

involuntary non striated. wall of blood vessels, stomach

having long thin lines, marks, or strips of colour

the fibre will contract when stimulated

frontal (coronal). horizontal (or transverse). sagittal

separates the body into front and back (anterior and posterior) parts

separates the body into upper and lower (superior and inferior) parts

separates body into right and left parts. the midsagittal or median is exactly in the centre of the body

framework and support- attachmentsmfor muscles. protection- delicate internal organs. movement- system of bones, joints and muscles. storage- minerals, energy, tissues that form blood cells

forms core or axis of the body

consists of girdles and limbs

long bones- longer than their width eg femur. short bones are equal width and length eg. carpal. flat bones- flat thin bones, found where protection is needed and also where a broad surface is required for the attachment of muscles eg. skull bones. irregular bones- all the bones with complex shapes that dont fit into the above categories. eg. vertebrae

skull (the head). vertebral column (spine). sternum (breast bone). the rubs. the hyoid bone (small bone in neck below mandible)

clavicle (collar bone). scapular (shoulder bone). humerus (upper arm bone). radius (forearm-lateral). ulna (forearm-medial). carpals (wrist). metacarpals (palm). phalanges (fingers).

innominate/pelvic bone (hip bone). femur (thigh bone). patella (knee cap). tibia (lower leg-medial). fibula (lower leg-lateral). tarsals (ankle). metatarsels (foot). phalanges (toes)

it is always at right angles to the plane of movement

sagittal- from back to front. coronal/frontal- from side to side. vertical- straight up and down

a surface that faces forwards- front of body

surface that faces backwards- back of your body

surface that is nearer to the midline than another

surface that is further away from the midline than another

structure that is towards the root or origin (towards heart)

structure that is further away from the origin (away from the heart)

structure nearer th surface than others

structure that lies beneath others

structure higher than others (towards the head)

strcuture lower than others (towards the feet)

increasing angle with frontal plane (bending elbow)

decreasing angle with frontal angle (making arm straight)

moving away from sagittal plane

moving toward the sagittal plane

moving forward along a surface (jutting chin forwards)

moving backward along a surface (making double chin)

raising/lifting a structure (bringing shoulders up)

lowering/dropping a structure (drop shoulders)

inward movement around an axis (put hand on chest)

outward movement aeound an axis (move arm away from body -from chest away)

turn hand backward or downwards

turn hand forward or upward

bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

endomysium

the perimysium

epimysium

form the body flesh. functions are to produce movement, to maintain posture and to produce body heat

long, thin multi nucleate cells

type 1 (red fibres). type 2 (white fibres)

slow twitch fibres which contract slowly but repeatedly over a long period of time. used for endurance activities. utilize energy system. eg. longs runs utilize the anaerobic (short fast high intensity exercise) energy system

strap fusiform unipennatd bipennate multipennate

tough cord like structures of connective tissue which attach to bones

flat sheets of connective tissue which attach muscles along the length of the bone

state of partial contraction or tension in the muscles even at rest

as different motor units are stimulated different muscle fibres contract alternatively to prevent fatigue

relay information about the amount of stretch in the body

lower tome muscle or flaccid

higher tone than normal. fibres are over contracted amd rigid. they are called spastic muscles

ability/capacity to perform work

food

food used to manufacture ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

mechanical energy

alactic ATP PC system (anaerobic). lactic acid system (anaerobic glycolysis). aerobic (oxygen) system (aerobic glycolysis)

most rapid source of energy. uses ATP stored in muscles cells. muscle contracts and immediate energy is obtained from the ATP for 5-6 seconds. this system is used for short duration activities such as sprinting. amount of energy is limited due to stored sources of ATP and PC. no oxygen used so its anaerobic process

when activity continues after all PC is broken down ATP is resynthesized from glycogen. carbohydrate (sugars and starch) converted to glycogen and stored in mucles cells and liver. oxygen not used. glycogen is borken down into pyruvic acid and then lactic acid. not very effective. produces lactic acid, the build up of which causes muscle fatigue. used in high intensity activites eg 400m run.

requires continuous supply of oxygen. glycogen in broken down through a series of complicated reactions in the mitochondria in the cells. glycogen broken down into pyruvic acid. most effective system. provides energy for prolonged endurance activites without producing fatigueing products. main sources carbs and fats. eg jogging.

the amount of oxygen that is taken in during recovery above what is normally consumed

oxygen needs to metabolize the lactic acid after amd replenish ATP, phosphocreatin and gylcogen. it is also required by the blood and lungs to restore the body systems to their normal state. increase in lactic acid and carbon dioxide in the blood stimulates the respiratory system and breathing becomes faster and deeper.

the inability of a muscle to continue contraction

it becomes weaker until it stops completely as their is not enough energy. during fast intense exercise believed to be caused by lactic acid build up. during slow, low intensity exercise caused by a depletion in glycogen and dehydration

acute muscle soreness. delayed muscle soreness.

during or immediately after exercise. due to insufficient blood supply to contracting muscles. increased tension in muscle stops blood flow and lactic acid and other waste products build up and stimulate pain receptors in the muscle. this pain stops quickly when exercise stops amd blood flow returns to normal.

delayed for 24-48hrs. this damage may include minor tears of muscle fibres. damage to connective tissue components or damage to tendons and ligaments from over stretching.

stretching warm muscles preparing them for activity and cooling them down afterwards can help prevent soreness

isotonic contraction. isometric contraction. isokinetic contraction

equal tone. change in length throughout movement- shorter (concentric)/longer (eccentric).

equal length. no change in the length of the muscle but increase in the tone. static work.

the muscular contraction that accompanies ckmstant velocity limb movements around a joint

age training sex body temp strength training joint structure