CompTIA A+ 220-1101 - 1.1: Laptop Hardware

Easily replaced (modular) or require a teardown (built-in).
Commonly Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) or Lithium-Ion Polymer (LiPo), no "memory effect".
Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) older and less common, has "memory effect".
Tech constantly changing.

Usually easy to replace, few screws and single ribbon cable.
Plastic key caps delicate, may be repairedeplaced.

Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Modules are found in laptops & mobile devices.
Often easy to install and replace.
Some are soldered to system board which cannot be upgraded and requires full system board replacement.

Older tech, traditionally HDD.
Spinning, physical drives in approximately 2.5" form factor.

(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
Interface standard used to connect HDDs, SSDs, and optical drives (DVD & Blu-ray) to motherboard.
Uses serial communication method transmitting data one bit at a time.
Devices with SATA connection can be swapped while system powered on.

(Solid-State Drive)
Newer tech, no moving parts as opposed to HDD/Magnetic Disk storage devices.
Easy to upgrade from HDD due to similar form factor.
SATA connected
Silent, speedy, less latency.

Different form factor from SDD, much smaller.
Modular, plug & screw.
No SATA data or power cables.

Built in to motherboard.
Older laptops may include Mini PCI or Mini PCI Express interfaces for additional wireless connectivity.
802.11 provide LAN coverage on wireless networks.
Bluetooth provide PAN coverage to connect other nearby devices.

Fingerprint Scanner compares scanned fingerprint to stored fingerprint data for authentication.
Facial Recognition uses IR or 3D cameras to compare facial scan with stored facial data for authentication.
Iris Scanner or Retina Scanner, same idea, rare on laptops.

(Near-Field Communication)
Allows transfer of data or perform authentication.
Common on mobile devices (Samsung/Apple Pay or other wallet apps).