Midterm

Made the Annales school
20th-century historian
Created the concept of “New history" divided into three stages: Individual, social, and geographic time. (Evenementielle, long duree, and mentalite)

Reactionary group in the 20th c.
Disenchanted with the “traditional” ways of doing history
Based on Braudel’s idea of a three stage “new history.”
Considered closer to social science because of the focus on broader insights and generalizations in the study of history

Took the Palatine hill
Killed his brother
Killed uncle with Remus in order to restore their grandfather to the throne
Invited the Sabines to a festival and abducted their women
He is seen as the founder of the city (Rome)

Twin to Romulus
Killed uncle with Romulus in order to restore their grandfather to the throne
It is said that when Romulus built a city wall, Remus jumped over it and was killed by Romulus

Fabled hero of the Aeneid
Founder of Pre-Roman civilization
Part of the royal family in Troy, defended his city against Greeks during the Trojan war
He is seen as the founder of the Roman people

Wrote the Aeneid, which tells the story of Rome’s founding
Reign of Augustus
Heavily influenced literature (as seen in Dante’s Inferno) and is considered to be one of the greatest Roman poets of all time

Roman historian, 1st c. BCE-17 CE
Main work: "Ab Urbe Condita" (From the founding of the city to the reign of Augustus)
History of Rome from Aeneas - 9 BCE
Originally 142 Books; 35 complete remain, with fragments of other

Last king of Rome
r. 534 to 509 BC
He murdered Tullius (the King before him), in order to get to power and put many senators to death during his reign
He and his family were expelled from Rome after his son, Sextus, raped Lucretia

Set the example of feminine virtues
Raped by Sextus Tarquinius
Killed herself to dissuade others from commiting adultery (reflection of pietas)
Marks the end of the era of kings in Rome and the beginning of the Republic

Ousted the last king of Rome (which was Superbus)
Founded the Roman republic
Raised the revolt against the king after the rape of Lucretia by Tarquin’s son, Sextus

Carthaginian general
2nd Punic war
Successful invasion of Rome before defeat (at Zama)
Used elephants for war which was very successful for a period of time because of how unfamiliar the Romans were with them

Developed the Fabian style of warfare which is attrition warfare
Fought against hannibal in the second punic wars
Was removed by the senate after he did not confront Hannibal in battle

Wrote about the punic wars
Considered the one of the best historians of the Hellenistic period
Greek born in the city of Megalopolis

He beat Hannibal at the battle of Zama
The youngest consul in Roman history
Under his leadership, Rome basically takes over all of Punic held Spain
Major defeat of Hasdrubal, Hannibal’s brother

Grandson of Scipio Africanus
Tribune in 133 BC
Used power of Tribunate and the people against the oligarchy to advance their own careers

Grandson of Scipio Africanus
Tribune in 123 BC
Used power of Tribunate and the people against the oligarchy to advance their own careers

Lived from 138-78 BC
Elected consul in 88 BC following the social war
Was elected dictator in 82 BC and had the first multi-year dictatorship lasting until 79 BC
Instituted major reforms for operation of oligarchy for the remainder of the Late Republic

Marian reforms
Began Roman legions
Praetor of Spain
Consul 4 times in a row breaking the lex villa

Part of first triumvirate w/ Pompey & Caesar
Supposedly captured and had molten gold poured down his throat as a sign of his greed
This started the civil war between Pompey and Caesar
Grows to have extreme wealth as a businessman, which is one of the reasons why historians favor him less– his merchant and profit driven tendencies

Born in Thrace
Was a Roman soldier before being sold into slavery (possibly for desertion or rebellion from the army)
Started the 3rd Servile War by escaping from the gladiatorial camp in Capua in 73 BC
Died at Rhenium, on the end of the Italian Peninsula, by Crassus
6,000 of his followers were then crucified and the rest were hunted down by Pompey
People have used him as inspiration since the 19th c.

The Brothers Tiberius and Gaius
Were tribunes in 133 and 123 BCE respectively
Brought in reforms such as military enlistment and land ownership
Both sought reelection consecutively despite the tradition of not doing that

Born into nobility
First Roman Civil War: post triumvirate he had control over the navy, but was ultimately taken out by Julius Caesar
Part of the first triumvirate
Wanted land for veterans

Named Dictator for life
Winner of the Gallic wars and first civil war
Killed by the senate

One of the main guys that assassinated Caesar
Politician and orator
Brutus opposed Pompey because Pompey killed his dad
Died at Pharsalus

Made the Annales school
20th-century historian
Created the concept of “New history" divided into three stages: Individual, social, and geographic time. (Evenementielle, long duree, and mentalite)

Tried to preserve the Roman republic against those who sought power, like Julius Caesar
Supported Pompey (who he had originally been against) against Julius Caesar
He fought against Spartacus during his revolt

Consul in 63 BCE
Considered great writer and orator
Member and defender of senate oligarchy against potential military threats after death of Sulla
Opposition to L. Sergius Catalina (Catiline)
Implicated in plot for violence against the senate and accused of treason
A number of co-conspirators outed and executed (arguably illegally)

Part of the Second triumvirate
Caesars number 2 during the civil war
Caesar took control of Italy with the help of Lepidus and Marc Antony

d. 30 BCE
Second in command to Caesar
Lost at actium

Was the last ruler member of the Ptolemy dynasty
Mother of cesarion, child of Caesar the first emperor
Was present at the battle of Actium in 31 CE and fled when the opportunity arose

First Roman emperor
Part of the second Triumvirate
Adopted son of Caesar

First Empress married to Octavian (Caesar Augustus)
Counseled Octavian in affairs of the state in the hopes of securing succession for her son, Tiberius
Previous wife of Tiberius Claudius Nero

Second Roman emperor
Filled the coffers, leaving 20 times more money than there was when he inherited the title
Strengthened the navy
Adopted by Caesar Augustus and proclaimed emperor after all the other eligible heirs die
Became a tyrannical recluse in his last years and attempted to wreak havoc on people in Rome

Sejanus was the leader of the praetorian guard who took pseudo control of the empire when Tiberius was emperor
Uses power and influence to reward friends and dispose of enemies
Positions self to marry into Tiberius' family and eventually become heir
Killed when the latter that he believed contained his promotion actually contained his death orders (he was executed along with his family)

b. 12 AD
3rd Roman Emperor
Proclaimed himself as a god
Severe illness seems to have impacted his sanity
(tried to?) put his favorite horse in high office of the counsel to mock the senate
Caligula acts like a king so he is very disliked by the senators so he is killed for his inconsistencies
They didn't know who he would kill next so they decided to kill him

Emperor after Caligula (his uncle)
Physically disabled
Unpopular with Roman historians who slandered his reputation
Was an academic– he was a scholar and historian, the only scholar to become emperor
Reign focused on rebuilding the judicial system

b. December 15th, 37 AD
His reign was originally controlled by his mother as well as two others
Crowned in 54 ce
last of the Claudio-Julio Family
Famously known as a theatre fanatic and for using the burning of Rome as a time to recite script (he did not start the fire. Conspiracy)

Important during the republic age
Became more subjective during the Imperial period and depending on the emperor was made more or less powerful

SPQR: Senatus Populusque Romanus
"the senate and the people of Rome"
Two main divisions:
Patricians: wealthy office holding families
Plebeians: the general populace

Could pass legally binding legislation plebiscites
At first just on plebs
By 3rd c. all Roman people
Main legislative body (all other legislation could be vetoed by tribunes)

Elected magistrates without imperium
Some legal responsibilities
Arranged geographically
Each tribe granted a single vote
Tribal regions expanded with conquest until frozen at 31

Responsible for electing magistrates
Votes on declaration of war
193 centuries

highest office in the Roman republic
1-year service
Way to hold imperium

a governor of a Roman province who had imperium in said province;
necessary as the Republic grew in size beyond governance of two consuls

lowest-ranking regular magistrate in ancient Rome
The traditional responsibility was the treasury.

legislative body of plebians;
a compromise so that plebians could maintain limited influence in Roman policy

Cremation was a new practice to Italy
Most likely came from Central European cultures
Started with the Villanovan and Latial cultures

First homes discovered by archeologists to what early ‘Romans built with’
Formation of Roman people by the river river on the hills
All that is left are the holes where the posts of the houses were

Roman laws that were set on tablets and showed the plebs their rights
Began the compromise between plebs and patricians and the rights roman citizens had

Written by Vrigil
Journey by Aenus who was a trojan and founded rome
Is the story of how Rome was founded by Trojans and sets their roots as Hellenistic
Written as to legitimize the reign of the Caesars

Best known Villanovan population of pre-Roman Italy
Best known through elaborate tomb painting and bronze work
Their highly stratified royal society is seen through their tomb constructions
Commonly seen as influential to the eventual founding of Rome
Not much is known about them because Roma tried to erase them from history

The idea that you need to climb the political ranks to hold consul
Not a hard rule just a idea built around honor

Created age requirements to follow cursus honorum
Attempted to further legitimize cursus honorum
Debated effect
Didn't allow people to be repeatedly elected into Consul

Code of social norms (way of the ancestors) dictating Roman behavior
justification based on ancestry for ruling class to stay in power

Power over life and death for Roman people
A power held by consuls and praetors

Rome’s primary enemy in the Punic wars
Early Phoenician colony founded in North Africa, modern day Tunisia
Center of Mediterranean trade and commerce
They would pay people to go to war for them because they had a small population
They are a maritime culture and they have a very strong navy

Agricultural reform
Land limits to 125 hectares per citizen
Plebeians
Early food collectivisation of grain
Patricians angry
Limited their power

Citizen soldiers who purchased their own equipment
Three tiers: Hastate, Principe and Triarii
Primarily light infantry but no standard means that each soldier is equipped to their means

Put in place after the Marian reforms
About 5000 men per legion
Heavy infantry based

The Guardians of the Roman emperor
A political tool to gain access to emperorship
Sejanus shows how a praetorian can become a near emperor

A political alliance by Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus
Ends after the Gallic Wars and Caesar crossing the Rubicon
Lasted 59-53 BCE

Between Lepidus, Octavian, and Marc Antony
Ends after the defeat of Sextus Pompeaus
Was created to defeat the senate and killers of Julius Caesar
Lasted from 43-33 BCE

First period of the Roman Empire starting with the reign of Augustus in 27 BC to the end of the Crisis of the Third Century in AD 284
After that it evolved into the so-called Dominate

Rome was unable to get women for their men to marry and have children with
Roman raids which captured and raped Sabine women
Repopulated depleted Roman population in a time of young growth

Shows the principle that Roman women were supposed to live up to
The idea that the honor was important to Roman society and its better to die than live in shame
Ended the Roman Monarchy - Public opinion was in the shits

Class struggle between peasants and nobility
It began with the rights to appeal impositions of magistrate and elect their own officials (tribunes)
The patricians don't want to give voting power to the plebs
The problem with this is that there's so many plebs and they realize that they don't need patricians since they don't need a king
The plebs are extended the right to serve as consuls

Scares Rome of Gaul for the future and sets precedent for a Gallic invasion in the future
Is likely the reason that Rome builds its first wall around the entire city

Shows how Rome uses its impressive manpower to exhaust an enemy
Creates the term Pyrrhic victory which mean one may win the battle but at what cost

War over Corsica and Sicily between Rome and Carthage
Hannibal's father fought during this war
Marcus Atilius Regulus fought on the Roman side
Ended with Carthage ceding the islands to Rome and agreeing to pay an indemnity (security against loss or other financial burden)

Most famous Punic war
Leaders and famous generals include Scipio Africanus and Hannibal (and his elephants)
Starts with the invasion of Italy and ends with the battle of Zama

Last of the Punic Wars and fought entirely in Carthiginian territory
The first two Punic Wars had beaten Carthage down to the point where they could no longer resist Rome and its endless troops
Ends with the destruction of Carthage by Scipio Amealus and the enslavement of Carthaginian people

Rebellion led by Spartacus starting in 73 BC as a slave revolt from a Capuan gladiatorial camp
Ended in 71 BC when the last of his followers were killed by Pompey
Crassus killed Spartacus, but Pompey got the credit for the entire war

A battle in the 2nd Punic War that was part of the Invasion of Italy
Largest Roman loss of life during the second punic war
Expressives Hnnibal’s strategic genius and why he was so crucial to war tactics
Battle opens the door for Scipio to become youngest and most famous Consul and General

Last battle of the 2nd Punic War between Scipio and Hannibal
Ends Carthaginian threat to Rome
Begins Roman Empire in Africa

War between Rome the city and its outlining Italian provinces in the hills regarding possible citizenship for Italian allies to Rome and Rome didn’t want to
In the end, Rome grants citizenship to them and is the first massive expansion of citizenship beyond just Romans

Crassus initiated unprovoked war against the Parthian Empire
Crassus dies in this battle (which is really awkward for him)
Effectively sets in motion the end of the first triumvirate

Ends civil war between the Second Triumvirate (mostly Anthony and Octavian) and the Brutus and Cassius
Ends with the death of Brutus and Cassius and finishes the destruction of those who favored the old Republican form of Rome
Sets the Second Triumvirate to become the next political regime

Fought between Octavian and Antony in Greece, primarily a naval battle
Ended 2nd Roman Civil War where Octavian becomes the undisputed leader of all of Rome after his victory over Antony
Antony and Cleopatra soon after enjoy their Romeo and Juliet moment
Shows the military competence of Agrippa

Final battle between Caesar and Pompey during the 1st Civil War
Pompey loses and goes to Egypt
Sets Caesar as the winner of the first civil war

The Gallic wars were fought by Julius Caesar in 58-50 BC
Massive expansion of roman territory
Sets Caesar up as one of the wealthiest and most popular men in Rome
One of the few accounts of the Druids
Ended with the capture/execution of Vercingetorix (leader of the Gauls)

Proscriptions were a policy used twice in roman history by Sulla and the Second Trim
Used to get rid of political advisories
Also a way to build back capital wealth

Class of professional informers who used the law of maiestas
The people who turned in a person got 25% of their wealth and the senate received the rest

Law set in place by Tiberius
Expanded to ensure that the person who turned people in got a percent of the money

66-70 AD
Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in Judaea
The Jews came together and expelled the Romans from Jerusalem
Vespasian was dispatched to get Jerusalem back, he won (and apparently burned their temple)

"history of events";
people, battles, decisions

"gentle cycles and rhythms" decades to centuries long
Repeated time and time again throughout history
E.g., economics

Culture Process and a history of humans in relation to their environment and was a reaction to “narrative history”

Focus on a population's ideology or worldview
Our focus is on world religions, specifically Christianity and Islam

Relative: in relation to other events (i.e. “during the First Punic War” or “during the Republican Period”)
Absolute: using dates & years (i.e. 54 BC)