apush flashcards 1

- 1500s-1600s
- New way to invest in colonization
- Groups of investors who pay for expedition to share risk
- Made to support economic policy of the time (mercantilism)
- made colonization/trade a lot safer & easier, thus & spreading it further

- 1500s-1700s
- Economic system where they take raw materials from a place & make it into a product & sell it back for profit
- Ruling economic system at the time
- Main motivator for colonization & grew the merchant class

- est 1536
- Created by john calvan
- Very exclusionary sect of protestant christianity that believes in predestination
- Calvinists were religiously persecuted in Europe so they fled to the Americas, becoming the pilgrims
- However, the mix of different sects caused them to change some of their construction

- 1492 onward
- The initial interaction between the Native Americans & colonizers
- Very harmful to the natives as the disease brought to the Americans from the outside world killed millions of the natives as didn't have immunity
- Many crop & livestock exchanges between the two places (americas got horses & buffalo) (europe got a TON of new foods)

- established 1500s
- Coerced labor contract from Spain to natives
- Basis of coerced labor
- Caste System set up to justify the poor treatment of the natives & is the first race based social system

- 1680
- Revolt let by a shaman named po'pay who organized it by writing messages in knots
- It was successful & drove out the spaniards for 12 yrs & when they returned the spaniards- treated the natives way better
- Changed the conversion tactic

- 1600s-1700s
- People in the casta system who were both native american & french, however they were usually a product of rape

- founded 1625
- The capital of the dutch, would later be new york city once the dutch give up their fight in america & give area to brits

- 1600s-1700s
- The idea that both groups, native americans & colonizers, both had stuff to offer & gained stuff after cultural exchange
- Ex native people got tools & westerners adopted birch canoes & buckskins

- 1584 wrote the "discourse of planting"
- 23 reasons why England should invest in colonization
- Does end up working & kicks off the start of their colonizations

- found 1606/settled 1607
- Was the first successful colonies founded by the Virginia company
- However, when they first arrived they heavily lacked supplies & money, going bankrupt in 1624
- It had an interesting new form of govt as it was the first republic based govt body

- 1607
- A meeting of all the tribes in the area to combat the colonizers who killed their leader
- Resulted in the Jamestown Massacre of 1622, killed over ⅓ of the pop
- shaped early colonial-Native American relations
- justified harsh English treatment & expanding colonial violence

- Established in 1618 Jamestown
- system that gave a white man 50 acres of land for every person he brought with him as a
- way to motivate colonizers to move to the new world

- 1619
- The govt system in jamestown that was the first ever republic govt body where people were who were voted in (by white men) would make decisions

- 1644
- Maryland says that you can freely worship ONLY if you are a trinitarian christian
- It established the first legal protection of Christian religious freedom in the colonies, showing early struggles over religious pluralism & setting a precedent for later American religious freedom

- 1620
- First ever written govt agreement that set up a govt & society in plymouth
- Having both the ideas of self government while also staying loyal to the king

- Governor 1630-1642
- Gov of massachusetts bay for the first 12yrs
- VERY strict puritan

- 1630 speech
- The idea that john winthrop pledged that stated they should be the models of puritan society to inspire the world & take inspiration from the bible

- banished 1637
- Woman who pointed out how the focus of predestination had shifted to where a person could change & get into heaven
- She was banished for her ideas & tried to make a new society but was killed by natives

- 1693
- By thomas hooker
- first written constitution that centered around self governance & talked about the powers of govt & representative legislature for connecticut

- 1636-1638
- A series of attacks between colonists & the natives who were trying to fight back against the settlers
- resulted in the mystic massacre where colonists surrounded a native village & burned it to take back "their" land

- 1675-1676
- Aka king philips war
- About land & trade where new england colonists fought against allied native tribes aka the wampanags, who put up a really good fight but ultimately lost
- 1,000 colonists dead & 3,000 natives

- founded mid-1600s
- A section of Christianity that focused on the light of every person but nobody liked them
- Most prominent in Pennsylvania & played a big part in equality

- 1600s-1800s
- System of trade that was set up by colonization & made the middle passages
- Had three points, Britain got raw materials from new world, sent them to new world & africa who would send slaves to america

- 1676
- Bc of the poor payment of indentured servants nathaniel bacon (who has beef w/the berkley) calls him to stop corruption which he doesnt do
- So bacon 'leads' a revolt (bc he wasn't really affected js didn't like his competitor) that results in better treatment
- Led to a move to slavery in virgina

- passed 1651 only enforced 1773
- Put in place in the but only used in 1773
- says anything the colonists create make have to go to great britain & can only buy stuff from great britain
- Encourages smuggling & later on dissent against GB

- 1662
- Agreement that allowed for people who had not been fully converted (ie publicly stating sins) could be apart of church if their grandpa or father did ts
- shows declining religious zeal in Puritan New England & how communities adapted by loosening strict church membership rules to maintain political/social and the lack of people involved w/it

- 1662
- The belief that god created the universe than disappeared
- People who believed in this did not worship god but respected him
- Show people putting reasoning into religion

- 1730s-1740s
- Was a focus on getting people back into the church where Johnathan Edward essentially said that god is mad & will hurt you if you don't go back to the church
- Some people like George Whitfield said you should be good
- Shows "new light vs old light"
- first major American religious revival, democratized religion, challenged established churches, & helped foster a shared colonial identity.

- 1741
- By Johnathan Edward said that god is mad & will hurt you if you don't go back to the church

- 1700s until 1763
- Referred to the time period where Britain was too preoccupied w/their own battles, allowing colonists to evolve their govts into something & become organized

- 1754
- Temporary unification of colonists to send reps from each colony to help out w/the french & indian war but colonists refused bc they dont want to be united w/eachother
- Shows how individual each state was

- 1754-1763
- 7 yrs war that plunged Britain in debt that was fought over land in the Americas that ended up with the french loosing & giving their parts of north america to britain

- Agreement between britain & france that gave britain the territorial holdings of the french (canada)
- Makes france leave the new world

- Passed by the British on the colonies bc they were extremely in debt it was too expensive to keep fighting natives so they banned colonists from settling further than the Appalachians
- Prevented colonists from buying or selling native land because the crown wanted to buy & sell the land.

- 1764 by King George the iii
- taxes the import of sugar & molasses.
- If caught sent to the admiralty marshall law court that was full of British officials to try to stop smuggling

- 1764 by king george the iii
- orders all colonies to move their currency over to British currency, ignoring the colonies pre-existing currencies.
- Caused tension as British currency was worth more, creating economic strain

- 1765 Passed by king george iii
- colonies had to pay a stamp tax on every piece of paper.
- Most influential act because it was over the most used good & annoys the colonists the most
- Britain sent more troops over to enforce but backtracked very soon after due to the stamp act congress

- 1765
- Orders colonists create barracks & house the British soldiers who were sent to stop smuggling.
- Local assemblies had to spend their tax money on building barracks; causing much annoyance

- 1768 written by patrick henry
- Created after a meeting w/the house of burgesses in Virginia where they discussed all the instances of taxation w/o representation (aka the acts) by patrick henry
- says we are subjects of the crown but we are citizens & deserve rights coining the phrase "consent to taxation".

- 1765
- radical organization that believed in the use of violence to combat British oppression.
- centralized in NY & Boston & they organized the boston tea party

- 1765
- Meeting where all the colonial leaders discussed what they would do about the stamp act; 29 delegates from colonies petitioned to remove the Stamp Act

- 1772, expands 1773-1774
- network of communication between leaders of the colonies through letters.
- connected the colonies & created dissent; later inspired the continental congress.

- 1766 British passed the declaratory act after revocation of the stamp act
- essentially a threat which says that even though they ended the stamp act, Britain can still do anything they want to the colonies

- 1775
- This was an act that only allowed the colonists to buy tea from the British even though they only had the poor quality chinese tea.
- This act ended up creating even more tension because the people love their tea and resulted in the Boston tea party

-March 5, 1770
- The boston massacre had 2 sides to the story where the first was from the colonists side who said that the troops started shooting at them while the troops said the colonists threw snowballs wocks in them first.
- This story was used as colonist propaganda for British separation

- dec 16 1773
- Where the sons of liberty dressed up as native americans and jumped on a British cargo ship and dumped 4.5 million worth of tea into the ocean.
- This caused tensions to rise even more and caused panic for the British led to the coercive acts

- 1774
- Payback for the boston tea party that closed the boston harbor immediately.
- This was bad for the colonists because it was their main source of money (esp smuggling).
- It also made them dissolve their elected assembly, causing much anger to the colonists who needed to decide what to do next, leading to the continental congress

- 1774
- This was when the leaders of 12/13 colonies decided to meet and boycott all of the British goods and called for the mobilization of the military, causing minute men to be created.
- This was the first complete and big boycott as a result of Britain REALLY crossing the line

- 1776
- Written by Thomas Paine during the beginning of the revolutionary war where he talks about how the crown sucks and ends up getting the majority of the colonists on his side because he talks to them like people.
- This heavily influenced the ideas in the declaration of independence

- circa 1770s-1790s
- This is a term to describe women's place in society @ the time.
- The belief was that even though women couldn't vote they would have sons who could so they were taught about the government and its history and its function so they could teach their sons.
- This along w/companionate marriage made women more educated and confident which led to more protest about women's place in society

- drafted 1777; ratified 1781
- This was the government in a critical period that basically meant the states held all of the power and were highly decentralized.
- Though a republican constitution, it had a weak executive branch (minus NY and mass) but had strong anti-king legislatives, also extended franchise and was a compact government.
- It also created fundamentalist law, writing laws down, which would later matter w/Madison's presidency

- This was one of the successes of the AOC and was an article about congress negotiations and a treaty that kicked the British out of the colonies, meaning they were completely gone.
- Leaving east of the Mississippi for America.
- However, Britain did retain Canada.
- This was the final nail in the coffin for Brits in America and was the end to the conflict with them

- 1785
- It was a survey system where officials were sent out to survey the land and set up a selling lottery and was one of the few successes of the AOC.
- It also plotted schools due to them wanting their pop to continue to vote and be educated

- 1787
- Attempted to stop the colonists from rushing into the valley and taking land so they could sell it but they couldn't do anything to stop them because of the lack of power so the population ended up booming and allowed them to apply for statehood, creating 3-4 new states.
- This was significant bc it says no slavery in the ohio valley which pushed slavery into a political issue

- 1786
- This was when people started to notice there were issues with the government (specifically NJ PA DL NY VA) and decided they needed to fix it.
- So they called a meeting in Philadelphia to come up w/a new constitution in the next year

- 1786
- Written by Thomas Jefferson that ended Virginia's support of any singular churcheligion and created religious freedom in VA.
- This would then be a model for the 'separation of slavery' in the first amendment of the constitution

- 1786-1787
- This was when farmers who were mad their land was getting taken by the govt bc they couldnt pay the bills even though they couldnt make money bc they were off fighting wars for the colonies.
- So they rushed into a court proceeding and threatened to march the capital but the govt couldnt deploy troops to stop them bc no power so Washington sent a private army to shut it down.
- One of the failures of AOC

- 1787
- This was a plan created for congress by james matteson which basically stated they have 2 houses of congress based on pop which was good for him because he was from VA and slaves.
- However some people don't like it and create other plans

- 1787
- This was another place created for congress by paterson who says we should keep the same congress with one house and everybody gets one vote.
- Obvs doesnt go through due to the dissent and created the great compromise

- 1787
- Was created by roger sherman and combines both the virginia plan and nj plan.
- Results in binumeral legislature w 1 house, one pop based aka house of representatives that had the least amount of power and equal rep for each state that were elated by the state.
- This obvs favored the rich and powerful as they were the reps and not the people but it shaped the globe today and is still used

- formalized 1787-1788
- Describes the relationship between federal state govt and states.
- It is an agreement and full unification of the states and was the first time all of the states were in full agreement

- 1787
- This is the result of "separation of powers" as a way to describe how the 3 branches keep each other in line.
- Specifically, how supreme court justices are approved by the president but have to be approved by congress.
- And how when a law is made it can be vetoed by the president or the senate.
- Congress can also impeach the president and can declare war.
- Shows how much centralization was hated

- 1787
- Refers to the compromises on how to count slaves in the census bc there were way more in some places, meaning they had more power in the house bc of there larger population even though slaves couldn't vote.
- So they created the ⅗ comp where a for every 5 slaves 3 would be counted in the pop

- 1787-1789
- Not a political party but were a group of constituents who wanted to ratify the constitution.
- They were upperclassmen and mostly from the east coast.
- They also had control over the press and included people like A. Ham and J. Mad

- 1787-1789
- The opponents of the federalist and where poorer bc capital was in land and slaves.
- Really wanted states rights because of issues like slavery.
- Including people like S. Adams R.H.Lee...this dissent caused debates in various states

- 1787-1788
- Because the federalists control the press, they created a series of essays written by Hamilton (51/85) and Madison and John Jay.
- In this essay they tried to convince people to ratify the constitution which eventually worked

- ratified 1791
- A collection of the first 10 amendments as an effort to get the anri-federalists to agree to signing it.
- This was because they wouldnt agree w/new govt until they actually wrote them down, learning from the british's rule

- 1789
- Thai sets up the court system so that a court case has to go through multiple court levels in order for it to be appealed.
- It also sets up to have 6 supreme court judges and a chief justice which would later be changed bc even numbers suck

- 1790-1791
- This was the plan suggested by Hamilton which had 4 parts.
- 1st they would fund the national debt 'at par' to show Americans unity as well as revenue from tariffs, excise taxes on domestic goods and banks.
- Didn't have enough votes some had to negotiate w/madison and jefferson to move the capital to the south

- emerges 1791-1796
- Refers to people who interpret the constitutions literally and strictly.
- It also believed in enumerated powers as well as state rights from reserved powers (8th amendment).
- These people were worried about centralization of power and didn't believe in the implications.
- These were essentially the first iteration of political parties

- emerges 1791-1796
- Refers to people who believe in looseroad interpretation of the constitution as well as implied powers and strong federal govt.
- These were essentially the first iteration of political parties

- 1787; applied 1791
- Officially known as the necessary and proper clause is a part of the constitution that gives congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" meaning it implies power that is not stated directly in the constitution

- 1791-1794; climax 1794
- This was a rebellion of PA farmers who protected their whiskey by refusing to pay the tax and terrorized officials/tax collectors, even chasing them out, bringing back revolution.
- This led Washington to lead an army into PA because they couldn't protest a fair tax and they all dispersed when he arrived.
- The shay rebellion was the last straw and this rebellion made the constitution's word stronger and more people fell in line

- 1793
- This proclamation essentially states that America doesn't want to be involved in frances affairs esp bc of revolution.
- Washington ordered Thomas Jefferson to create this proclamation as America is new and needs to grow before helping.
- Jefferson refuses so Hamilton, as secretary of defense, makes it.
- This was America not siding with either political party as they both wanted to side w/either britain or france

- 1793-1794
- This refers to a French guy who came to the colonies to recruit aid for France but he's not supposed to meet Washington and instead went to South Carolina to make an army.
- Washington demands withdrawal so that he could say no to his face and when he gets turned down he goes home.
- Solidifying America's neutrality

- 1794; ratified 1795
- They sent for John Jay to negotiate Britain's stopping of American ships and troops but there were very few concessions from the British.
- However they took their ships out of the Mississippi.
- We signed it to build a relationship w/Britain

- 1795
- Where Spain and America dispute was solved, where Spain gave up the Mississippi river as well as the right to deposit goods in New Orleans which was really important in trade.
- It also sorted out the disputed territory in Florida

- 1796
- After Washington left office, he gave a farewell address to the people.
- It wasn't successful but he started the tradition for every future president.
- He also warned against permanent alliances and discouraged political parties

- 1797-1798
- This was a part of foreign policy where American reps went to meet 3 french diplomats to discuss their abduction of sailors for troops.
- However the french delegation wouldn't meet w/them unless they were given a 250,000 sum of money, America refused the bribe.
- This then further separated America from France as John Adams said "I told you so"

- 1798-1800
- These conflicts led to the quasi war where the US fought 2 yrs of naval battles w/the french but w/o addams ever declaring war.
- This leads to the end of the franco American alliance, making America only neutral trade partners with the French.
- This also leads people to have less respect for addams

- 1798
- These were acts done by john addams where the first one is naturalization acts.
- After 14 years people gained US citizenship which Adams tried to use to control the French press
- The second was the alien act that stated he could deport dangerous aliens.
- The next one was the alien enemy act where if the US was at declared war w/a country we could imprison/expel enemy aliens.
- Lastly, the sedition act which can deport someone for conspiring against the govt or defaming govt officials.
- This was Adams trying to crack down on dissent but violated the bill of rights

- 1798-1799
- This was the challenge to the alien and sedition acts due to their unconstitutionality as it violated ppls rights
- And if the federal govt exerts power the states should step in and protect citizens.
- However, this is a direct violation of the supreme clause.
- Never the resolutions led to a rise in the democratic republican party by crafting dissent against the federalists

- Describes the disaster of an election in 1800 which was highly competitive due to the way that the votes were counted.
- The way the votes turned out had Jefferson and Burr tied for presidency so the leader of the house of representatives (Hamilton) convinced the entire house to vote for Jefferson even though he was a democrat and ham was a federalist.
- The revolution refers to the peaceful power transition.

- 1801
- During the end of his presidency, Adams quickly confirmed the judgeships of federalists to try and end the influence.power of the democrats.
- This didn't work though because Madison (sec of state) js refused to deliver the commissions.

- 1803
- Case where Marbury (midnight judge) sued Madison for not delivering his commission.
- The case was taken by a judge marshal in supreme court who gave madison the win because he cant make the govt give him a job manning the supreme court cant force the federal govt to do things, also the reason for supreme courts ability to interpret laws.

- 1803
- Refers to the french sale of louisiana land to the american govt who was able to double their land for only 15mil but bc of the land they gained it caused the nullification of pickneys treaty bc they now own land.
- Catches Jefferson against his strict construction idea as he used federal funds to pay for it.

- 1807 appealed 1809
- Disaster for the US as it forbade all exports from the US to try to punish the British to tell them to stop violating the rights of neutral nations, however Britain did not care.
- Showing consequences of trade war.

- 1810
- This was signed as a hope that France and Britain would realize how they are missing out on US trade due to a non-intermediate trade agreement which reopened trade for 3 months on the condition that if either Britain or France failed to respect their neutrality rights they would miss out on trade.
- French only ones who listened contributed to the war of 1812.

- 1810-1812
- These were young democratic republicans from frontier states who were brought to the HoR due to congressional election.
- They argued for war w/Britain as it was the "only way" to keep Americans honor, gain Canada, and destroy the native resistance on the frontier.
- They quickly gained influence and were led by Henry Clay and John Calhoun.

- 1811-1813
- Caused by constant pressure on the natives by settlers for territorial expansion where Techumsah (warrior of shauwnee tribe) attempted to unite all the tribes east of the Mississippi River.
- Settlers became suspicious and pushed their leader, William Henry Harrison, to destroy the Shawnee headquarters, ending the Indian confederacy efforts.
- Americans on the frontier blame the British for instigating the rebellion, contributing to the war of 1812.

* - 1812-1815
- A conflict between the United States and Britain caused by trade restrictions, impressment of American sailors, and British support of Native American attacks on the frontier.
- It boosted American nationalism, encouraged domestic manufacturing, and weakened Native American resistance, shaping the young nation's identity and future foreign policy.

- 1814; ratified 1815
- This was the agreement ending the war of 1812 where diplomats were sent to meet writish where they agreed fighting would stop, all conquered territories would be returned and recognize Canada as a US boundary.
- Big deal bc Britain thought the US would fail and led to new respect as well as recognition to the US.

- 1814-1815
- This was a meeting between the federalist party to decide the state of the party as they had no goals and no leaders.
- However they never reached a decision and only agreed that the south was gaining power and that if slavery could go it would import industry to the south.
- Shows the shift in political party power.

- 1817
- Treaty between the US and British where the British agreed to stop abducting US naval forces and it cemented the great lakes and radical border.
- This was a turning point as it was needed to declarative tensions after the war of 1812 and established one of the first world army as friends.

- proposed 1815; implemented 1816-1820s
- Refers to an american system that henry clay came up w/for infrastructure development w the first part being jefferson national bank, the protectionist tariff (that was successful be of a ton of industry), and transportation between north and south.
- Everything is passed but Madison vetoes the transportation because he believes it should be state funded not federally funded.
- Successful but not fully, HC takes Ham's plan essentially.

- 1815-1825
- Refers to the monroe era w/only 1 viable political party as centralization loses importance while sectional tics takes its place bc north (industry) and south (agrarian) part of the reason the federalists are gone is bc the Dem Repubs swept the election and they had no real leaders and no real goals.
- Ushers in a new political era.

- 1820
- When Missouri applied for statehood as a slavery state it meant that a new free state of Maine had to be created to preserve that balance.
- This leads to slavery having to actually be discussed and the comp of 1820 stated that north of the 36' 30' line had to be free (-missouri) and south COULD have slavery, no real decision on slavery's legality though.

- 1819
- This was a clause of the supreme court under John Marshal bc Maryland tried to tax the federal bank of the US to make more people use their money and bank.
- This leads to the decision that states can't force that because it violates the supremacy clause.
- This and many other cases @ the time show marshall using federal review to remind federal power is supreme over the states.

- 1823
- Stated that the western hemisphere was closed off to colonization and any attempt would be seen as an attack on the US.
- Establishes the US as a leading power and that they were opposed to colonialism and protecting the superpower of the newly closed off latin america.

- 1820s-1840s
- Referred to the rapid period of migration.
- One group was the Germans who came to the US bc germany wasnt big enough and they were rich so they moved out to the north west where they would assimilate fairly easily.
- Next was the Irish catholics who came to the US because of religious persecution and relocated to the eastern port cities.
- Very highly persecuted bc of religion.

- 1850s; peak 1854-1856
- These were people a part of the American party which was a nativist and racist political party that emerged after the influx of immigrants.
- When asked about the secret organization they would say they "know nothing".

- begins U.S. factory 1790; major growth 1790s-1810s
- Creator of the spinning jenny who stole the tech from the british via memories.
- The spinning jenny would create thread from raw materials and jump started the textile industry, and would make things super effective.

- cotton gin 1793; interchangeable parts 1798-1801
- Creator of the cotton gin which was made to make cotton harvesting easier and safer because he was anti-slavery, however, this has prompted plantations to expand because of the cheaper cost.
- He also created interchangeable parts which completely revolutionized the way ALL products are made.

- telegraph 1837; first line 1844
- Created the telegraph which created more efficient and rapid long distance communication.
- Completely modernized the economy and communication as it connected the north to the south @ the start, and later would connect the east and west as well.

- 1820s-1840s; first mill 1821-1822
- Created the cornice weeper that was super important for the cultivation of grain in the north as it helps ppls jobs of harvesting wheat w/o slave labor.
- It also allows the US to grow to where they can cultivate a surplus of grain.
- Also made the mill which was the first jobs for young women in the textile industry.

- steamboat Clermont 1807
- Created the first successful steam boat, the Clermont, which revolutionized transportation due to its efficient ability to go up and down a river which infinitely boosted commerce and trade, centralizing the market economy.

- 1817-1825; opened 1825
- First super highway as it connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River which empties into the ocean.
- This completely changes the Ohio river valley as it causes cities like buffalo and chicago to appear due to travel along the canal.

- circa 1815-1848
- This was the movement of America into an actual market and is called revolution bc of change.
- This had the appearance of stores and transition from a cottage industry to store bought products.
- It also led to transformation to a cash based economy.
- It also created a separation of domestic (private) and social (public) spaces.

- 1820s-1860s
- This was an idea from the market revolution that said the ideal woman was a homemaker and novel gardener in the private sphere of life and it would say the ideal upper and middle class women's social status as it separated home from domestic life.

- Election of 1824
- This was a bargain between john quincy adams and henry clay bc the election of 1824 had a tie between adams, clay, crawford, and jackson where jackson should have won bc of plurality.
- However, it went to the house which had Clay in charge when they lobbied for JQA to be elected as president and once that happened, Clay became secretary of state.

- begins 1828-1829 under Jackson
- This describes the Jackson administration's way of electing people through patronage not qualification based bc Jackson believed loyalty is all that was needed in the government to carry out bureaucracy.
- However, when conflict between members of his cabinet happens, he is left w/a cabinet who won't talk to each other.

- 1829-1837
- Due to the Peggy Eaton affair of 1829-31, Jackson's cabinet would ignore each other, creating the petticoat affair.
- This meant that Jackson's cabinet was useless so he created a new unofficial cabinet of his friends and newspaper editors, dubbed the "kitchen cabinet" but unofficial.

- 1828
- This was made in response to the tariff against the south where Jackson's VP, John Calhoun wrote in a large tariff to target goods the north imports as a way to be petty.
- However, the north is unbothered and accepts the tariff and just shifts the means of production to the north.

- 1828
- Calhoun anonymously writes to South Carolina and states the tariff of abominations should be nullified.
- However, this creates a problem as states could just say nullify any law from the federal govt.
- His idea came from the Kentucky resolution for the acts of sedition but it is false and has caused a catastrophic crisis as it goes against the supreme clause.

- 1830
- This was a debate during a state dinner over the nullification crisis where a Massachusetts senator toasts to the US sovereignty of state where Jackson responds w/also to the federal govts preservation and Calhoun toasts to the state.
- This ends Jackson and Calhoun's relationship and causes confusion because Jackson was supposed to be all for states power and sovereignty.

- 1833
- This was written by the Jackson administration that authorized Andrew Jackson's use of military force to enforce federal tariffs in reverse to SC declaration of rights.
- However it made the point of federal power and even though it wasn't put in place it enforced federal law.

- 1831
- This was a supreme court case that ruled the Cherokee tribe was a "domestic and dependent nation" which made it so natives had to follow the laws but did not have rights and that the US should take care of them but can also remove them.
- Further removing natives rights and juices later ats (ie trail of tears)

- 1832
- This was a supreme court case where a man named Worcester sued the state of Georgia on behalf of the Cherokees and won as it restated they were a distinct political community w/their own land.
- However, president Jackson ignored it and so did the state of Georgia.- Showing discontentment of the judicial and federal branch and paved the way for the forced removal.

- 1838-1839
- This refers to the forced displacement of over 60,000 native americans from their home to "indian territory" during the 1830's.
- Resulting in thousands of deaths and showed the disregard for native lives and culture and the want for expansion.

- 1832
- The bill that Henry Clay attempted to pass which would have recharted the bank early.
- Even though it gets through both the house and congress, Jackson vetoes it as "unconstitutional, undemocratic, and unamerican".
- This led to the bank war and the shutdown of the national banks by Jackson, where banks became state banks that did not regulate money printing, contributing to the panic of 1837.

- 1834-1854
- This was the political party that copied the British party's name and was full of opponents to Jackson.
- These were former national republicans, jeffersonians, and led by clay and webster.
- However, with no real political stance other than hating Andrew Jackson they were divided as a party.
- Still they were a part of the second party system.

- 1837
- This was a time of deep economic turmoil that was caused by Andrew Jackson through his vetoing of the bank bill, distribution act, specific circulation, and panics in Europe which led to a surplus of raw materials furthering the debt.
- As the species and distribution act which doubled the debt.
- To help end the panic the van buren act passed the divorce bill in 1848 that removed the "pet banks" Jackson created.

- 1828-1854
- Describes the political party system of the democratic party and the whig party from 1820's-1850's. Where the democratic party had values such as uncentralized power.
- Whigs hated Andrew Jackson.
- This led to their end ultimately as disagreements and problems like slavery had no common consensus in the party.

- 1739
- This was a slave rebellion in South Carolina where a group of slaves escaped to southern Spanish Florida for freedom and killed the white settlers in their
- This culminated in 20-25 white deaths and 40+ slaves executed.
- Led to harsher slave codes in the south carolina colonies.

- 1831
- This was a slave rebellion in Virginia where a man freedman named nat turener used christianity as justification as he claimed god sent him to free slaves.
- This led to 50-60 white deaths and 100+ slaves executed.
- This had an extreme reaction in the south and had harsher slave codes and changes in manumission laws, making it almost impossible to free a slave because they didn't want freedmen helping out w/slave revolts.

- Antebellum era, ~1790s-1860s
- Describes the economy in the south who were the main suppliers of cotton.
- Due to the creation of the cotton gin it led to the short-staple cotton and an explosion in slave labor.
- Bc of the norths banking tied to cotton bounds, the cotton industry (thus slave economy) became integral for to the development of American capitalism.

- Early 1800s
- The idea that slavery was bad but it was basically impossible to abolish as it seemed to be ingrained into society and that people couldn't have a multiracial society w/o slaves.
- However this is just because they had no idea how to exist or comprehend equality.

- 1830s
- The idea that stated slaves liked it and it was a beneficial system of labor control where it was good for both the slaves and owners.

- 1830s-1850s
- Idea that used the "welfare capitalist" argument where it specifically states owners were fatherly and had a responsibility to their slaves like a child and argued they don't need rights because owners can just act like parents.
- Also argued that the living conditions where better than northern factory market who were facing "wage slavery".

- 1816
- This was an abolition group that freed slaves bc slavery is bad but kicked them out of america and sent them to africa.
- This created Liberia in 1822 which was not a stable state bc america js dumped them into Africa and gave no other help because they didn't know how to exist in a multiracial society.

- 1831-1865
- This was an abolitionist newspaper by garrison.
- This paper advocated for the immediate emancipation of slaves.
- Which is significant because it went against the common idea of gradual emancipation, ultimately leading to more abolitionist ideas to spread.

- 1836-1844
- Because slave holders were scared that slavery would be ended, they passed the gag rule which said that slavery could not be discussed in any legislation in the HoR.
- The north saw this as an attack on their rights as elected officials and it would be ended by John Quincy Adams.

- 1786
- Written by Thomas Jefferson that ended Virginia's support of any singular churcheligion and created religious freedom in VA.
- This would then be a model for the 'separation of slavery' in the first amendment of the constitution.

- 1790s-1840s
- This was the religious movement with the purpose of trying to convert new people and bring them into the church.
- It was against liberal beliefs as they were fighting against new things such as industrialization.
- What makes this different from the first one is its use of camp meetings to convert people and the idea that god was scary and you should be afraid but he's nice if you follow him.

- 1820s-1840s
- This describes the part of west New York where people were being pressured to convert so that people started to unconvert.
- This created many off sects of christianity.
- One of the reasons the name can be attributed was Charles grandison finney who preached based off emotion sm that it.

- Founded 1830
- Created by the burned over district Aka the church of latter day saints, created by joseph smith who claimed to have a vision and created the book of moron as a roadmap of how to live like a perfect christian.
- Due to their beliefs they ran out of NY and established themselves in Utah but not before Smith was replaced with Brigham Young.

- 1848
- Another religious sect from the burned over district where evb shares property and partners.
- A man could proposition sex to a woman at any time and if she consented it would be recorded in case of a baby.
- This was founded for the idea of a utopian society by John Cong that had a focus on communalism.
- Fell apart because of jealousy.

- 18th-19th, peak in 1830s-1840s
- This was a belief favorable to religious reform.
- That stated Christ would return after a millennium that would improve bc of christians efforts to make society better and spread to Christianity as an effort to make everything perfect for a good relationship wod.

- 1830s-1840s
- This was the belief that humans can achieve perfection through effort and self improvement.
- This was also done through the abolition of slavery and the temperance movements.

- 1747 founding; peak 1780s-1840s
- These were people who resulted from perfectionism and the enlightenment.
- There was gender equality and they were celibate.
- They are called the shakers because they danced for their worship.

- 1820s-1850s
- This was the limiting of alcohol.
- This movement arose because typically the men were never home and when they came home they were violent.
- The Washingtonian movement was basically AA and it focused on why and how to stop drinking.

- 1840s-1850s
- She was the woman who advocated for better conditions in prisons and in mental asylums.
- She also advocated for hospitals and other social reforms.

- 1837-1848
- He advocated for better schooling practices.
- He supported free public education and improved teacher training.

- 1828
- Noah Webster tried to standardize American English.
- He did this through the publication of Webster's dictionary.

- 1848
- This was a conference that declared that there should be equal rights for women and men.
- It argued that all men and women are equal under God.
- It resulted in the creation of the Declaration of Sentiments.

- 1848
- This was the document signed at the Seneca Falls Convention.
- It was significant because it mirrored the Declaration of Independence but included women.

- 1830s-1850s
- This was a unique American philosophy that arose as a reaction to society at the time.
- It believed that truth transcends the senses.
- It emphasized individualism and moral intuition.

- 1837-1838
- This occurred when Canadian loyalists destroyed a US ship.
- It caused significant tension between Britain and the United States.

- 1838-1839
- This was a conflict between the United States and Britain.
- It was caused by a dispute over the boundary between northern US states and Canada.

- 1842
- This treaty resolved tensions between the US and Britain over the northern border.
- It strengthened borders and settled the lumberjack disputes.
- It also addressed extradition and limited British search and seizure of American ships.

- 1840s-1850s; term coined 1845
- This was the belief that the United States had a God-given right to expand westward.
- It was used to justify taking land from Native Americans and other nations.

- 1840s-1850s
- This was a conspiracy theory that slaveholding elites were controlling the federal government.
- It argued they would do anything necessary to preserve and expand slavery.

- 1844-1846
- This was a campaign slogan used by James K. Polk.
- It promised US expansion to the 54th parallel even if it meant war with Britain.
- The US later compromised at the 49th parallel.

- 1854
- This was a proposal to purchase Cuba from Spain.
- It aimed to expand slavery.
- Northern opposition caused it to be abandoned.

- Election of 1844
- This refers to a candidate who is not well known.
- James K. Polk benefited from this because he had no controversial political record.

- 1845
- This was when Texas joined the United States.
- It raised concerns about the expansion of slavery.
- It threatened the balance established by the Missouri Compromise.

- 1846
- Proposed by David Wilmot.
- It stated that slavery would be banned in land acquired from Mexico.
- It passed the House but failed in the Senate.

- 1847
- Proposed by Whigs including Abraham Lincoln.
- They questioned whether the Mexican War was justified.
- They asked for the exact spot where blood was first shed.

- 1848
- This treaty officially ended the Mexican-American War.
- It resulted in the Mexican Cession.
- It set the US-Mexico border at the Rio Grande.

- 1848
- The US paid Mexico 15 million dollars for western lands.
- This included California, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona.

- 1848-1854
- This party opposed the expansion of slavery into western territories.
- It supported the Wilmot Proviso.

- introduced 1848
- This was the idea that settlers would vote on whether to allow slavery.
- It appealed to the North but angered the South.

- 1850
- This was a set of five laws meant to ease sectional tensions.
- California became a free state.
- Popular sovereignty was applied to new territories.
- The slave trade was banned in Washington DC.
- The Fugitive Slave Law was strengthened.

- 1850
- This law required citizens to assist in returning escaped slaves.
- Aiding fugitives became a federal crime.
- It angered many Northerners.

- 1852
- This was a novel that humanized enslaved people.
- It exposed the brutality of slavery.
- It increased support for abolition.

- 1859
- This Supreme Court case ruled that states cannot nullify federal laws.
- It upheld the supremacy of federal authority.

- 1830s-1861
- This was a network that helped enslaved people escape to freedom.
- It relied on secret routes and safe houses.

- 1853; ratified 1854
- The US bought land from Mexico for 10 million dollars.
- It was intended for railroad construction.

- 1854
- Proposed by Stephen Douglas.
- It allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decide slavery by popular sovereignty.
- It violated the Missouri Compromise.

- 1854-1859
- Pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers flooded Kansas.
- Violent conflict broke out.
- It showed the failure of popular sovereignty.

- 1857
- This Supreme Court case ruled that Black people were not citizens.
- Living in a free state did not grant freedom.
- Congress could not restrict slavery.

- 1857
- This was a major economic panic with global effects.
- Bank failures and falling grain prices caused unemployment.
- Northern confidence declined.

- 1858
- Introduced during the Lincoln-Douglas debates.
- Douglas argued slavery could be excluded by local laws.

- October 1859
- John Brown attempted to seize a federal arsenal.
- He hoped to spark a slave uprising.
- The raid failed and Brown was executed.

- 1860
- Abraham Lincoln won the presidency.
- The election deepened sectional divisions.

- 1860-1861
- This was an attempt to prevent secession.
- It proposed protecting slavery where it already existed.
- Republicans rejected it.

- Dec 1860-Mar 1861
- Southern states seceded from the Union.
- South Carolina was the first.
- Eleven states eventually left.

- issued 1862; effective Jan 1 1863
- This executive order freed enslaved people in Confederate states.
- It allowed Black men to join the Union army.
- It did not apply to border states or Union-controlled areas.

- Treasury Sec 1861-1864; Chief Justice 1864-1873
- He was an abolitionist and key advisor to Lincoln.
- He helped create greenbacks and the Revenue Act.
- He played a major role in shaping the modern US economy.

- 1861
- This act created the first federal income tax.
- It raised tariffs and property taxes.
- It expanded centralized banking.

- first issued 1861-1862
- This was the first national paper currency.
- It replaced the state-by-state currency system.
- It made trade and exchange easier.

- 1862
- This law granted 160 acres of land to settlers.
- Settlers had to live on and farm the land for five years.

- 1862
- This act gave states land to fund colleges.
- Colleges focused on agriculture and engineering.
- It helped create modern public universities.

- post-Civil War; 1870s-1900s
- This was a Southern narrative defending slavery.
- It claimed the South lost due to Northern advantages.
- It romanticized the Confederacy.

- 1865
- This order redistributed Confederate land.
- Formerly enslaved people received 40 acres and a mule.

- 1865
- This amendment abolished slavery in the United States.
- It freed approximately four million enslaved people.

- 1854-1877
- They supported full civil rights for Black Americans.
- They favored strict Reconstruction policies.
- Leaders included Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner.

- 1863
- Lincoln's Reconstruction plan.
- Southern states could rejoin if 10% took a loyalty oath.
- Required acceptance of the abolition of slavery.

- 1864
- A Radical Republican Reconstruction proposal.
- Required an ironclad oath from a majority of voters.
- Lincoln pocket-vetoed the bill.

- 1865
- Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction plan.
- Required loyalty oaths and ratification of the 13th Amendment.
- Allowed Black Codes to emerge.

- 1865-1866
- Laws that restricted the freedom of Black people.
- Included labor contracts and legal penalties.
- Designed to maintain white control.

- enforced 1865-1866
- Criminalized unemployment or homelessness.
- Targeted newly freed Black people.
- Forced unpaid labor as punishment.

- 1865
- Provided food, housing, and education.
- Helped formerly enslaved people and poor whites.
- Operated mainly in the South.

- 1866
- Declared Black Americans citizens.
- Guaranteed equal legal rights.
- Overrode Johnson's veto.

- 1868
- Granted citizenship to all people born in the US.
- Guaranteed equal protection under the law.

- 1867
- Congress took control of Reconstruction.
- The South was divided into five military districts.
- Federal troops enforced civil rights.

- 1866
- Supreme Court case limiting military courts.
- Ruled military trials unconstitutional in civilian areas.

- 1867
- Limited the president's power to remove officials.
- Contributed to Johnson's impeachment.

- post 1877
- Sought industrial growth in the South.
- Shifted away from agriculture.
- Aimed to rebuild the economy.

- 1867-1877
- Included Black and white politicians.
- Represented progress during Reconstruction.
- Faced violent opposition.

- 1870s
- Conservative Southern Democrats.
- Sought to regain political control.
- Rolled back Reconstruction reforms.

- founded 1865
- Used violence to suppress Black voting.
- Opposed Reconstruction governments.
- Operated as a secret organization.

- 1870
- Guaranteed voting rights regardless of race.
- Southern states used loopholes to suppress votes.

- 1870
- Allowed Black Americans to become citizens.
- Excluded Asian immigrants.

- 1870-1871
- Protected Black voting rights.
- Targeted KKK violence.
- Allowed federal enforcement.

- 1871
- Also known as the KKK Act.
- Expanded federal power against domestic terror.
- Effectively weakened the KKK.

- 1870s
- Replaced the KKK in the South.
- Used violence to suppress Black voters.
- Included the Red Shirts and White League.

- 1875
- Banned racial discrimination in public places.
- Later ruled unconstitutional.

- 1869
- Financial scandal involving gold manipulation.
- Grant released gold to stop the scheme.
- Triggered inflation.

- 1867
- US purchase of Alaska for 7.2 million dollars.
- Initially viewed as a mistake.

- 1872-1873
- Railroad companies overcharged the government.
- Involved members of Grant's administration.

- 1860s-1870s
- Corruption scandal involving Navy funds.
- Millions of dollars went missing.

- 1875
- Distillers bribed officials to avoid taxes.
- Revealed widespread corruption.

- 1873
- Congress voted itself pay raises.
- Public backlash damaged trust.

- 1876
- Disputed election between Hayes and Tilden.
- Led to the Electoral Commission.

- 1877
- Ended Reconstruction.
- Federal troops withdrew from the South.
- Hayes became president.

- 1870s-1900
- Period of rapid industrialization and urbanization.
- Marked by corruption, inequality, and boom-bust cycles.
- Term coined by Mark Twain to show surface wealth hiding problems.

- 1854-1896
- Democrats were mainly Southern.
- Republicans were mainly Northern.
- Featured very close elections and high voter turnout.

- 1870s-1900s
- Conservative Southern Democrats.
- Supported business interests and limited government.
- Opposed labor reform and Black civil rights.

- 1870s-1880s
- Conservative Republican faction.
- Supported patronage and the spoils system.
- Led by Roscoe Conkling.

- 1880s
- Moderate Republicans.
- Supported civil service reform.
- Opposed patronage.

- 1884
- Reform-minded Republicans.
- Opposed corruption.
- Supported Democrat Grover Cleveland.

- 1883
- Required civil service exams for federal jobs.
- Reduced the spoils system.
- Created the Civil Service Commission.

- begins 1865; dominant 1870s-1890s
- Farming system where laborers worked land for a share of crops.
- Trapped farmers in debt.
- Common among poor Black and white farmers.

- 1860s-1890s
- Farmers borrowed supplies against future crops.
- High interest rates caused long-term debt.

- 1860s-1890s
- Prisoners were leased for labor.
- Exploited loophole in the 13th Amendment.
- Disproportionately affected Black men.

- 1873
- Limited the reach of the 14th Amendment.
- Ruled that states were not required to protect civil rights.

- 1883
- Declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional.
- Allowed private discrimination.
- Enabled Jim Crow laws.

- 1896
- Upheld segregation under "separate but equal."
- Legalized Jim Crow laws nationwide.

- 1870s-1960s
- Enforced racial segregation.
- Disenfranchised Black Americans.
- Created unequal facilities.

- 1870s-1900s
- Required payment to vote.
- Prevented poor citizens from voting.
- Grandfather clauses exempted many whites.

- 1890s-1900s
- Supposed to test reading ability.
- Used to disenfranchise Black voters.
- Arbitrarily graded.

- 1895
- Given by Booker T Washington.
- Encouraged economic progress before political rights.
- Accepted temporary segregation.

- 1903
- Proposed by W. E. B. Du Bois.
- Top 10% of educated Black Americans would lead advancement.

- activism begins 1892
- Journalist and anti-lynching activist.
- Co-founded the NAACP.
- Advocated women's suffrage.

- peak 1879-1880
- Black Americans migrated West.
- Escaped discrimination and sharecropping.
- Many settled in Kansas.

- circa 1870-1914
- Focused on improving industrial efficiency.
- Included steel, electricity, and railroads.
- Fueled urban growth and immigration.

- 1873-1879
- Caused by railroad speculation and bank failures.
- Led to a six-year depression.
- High unemployment and business closures.

- 1875
- Allowed redemption of greenbacks for silver.
- Attempted to stabilize the economy.

- 1893-1897
- Triggered by railroad failures and tariffs.
- Massive unemployment and bank failures.
- Ended with JP Morgan gold bailout.

- 1890
- Raised tariffs to nearly 50%.
- Protected US industries.
- Increased consumer prices.

- 1870s-1880s
- Improved steel production.
- Increased structural steel output.

- founded 1901
- Created by J. P. Morgan.
- Bought Carnegie Steel.
- Used vertical integration.

- founded 1870; trust 1882
- Founded by John D. Rockefeller.
- Used horizontal integration.
- Controlled 90% of oil refining.

- 1880s-1890s
- AC versus DC electricity debate.
- Tesla supported AC.
- Edison supported DC.

- 1850s-1880s
- Used interchangeable parts.
- Increased efficiency and output.

- 1880s-1890s
- Scientific management theory.
- Broke tasks into efficient steps.

- 1880s-1920s
- Office and professional jobs.
- Required education or skills.
- Middle-class employment.

- Secret informal agreements between companies.
- Divided markets and shared profits.
- Used to keep prices stable, especially in railroads.

- Secret discounts given to large companies.
- Encouraged exclusive business deals.
- Hurt small businesses by raising their costs.

- One company placed stock under a board of trustees.
- Allowed one company to control others.
- Reduced competition.

- Companies that bought controlling shares of rivals.
- Legal in states like New Jersey and Delaware.
- Used to bypass antitrust laws.

- Control of an entire industry.
- Achieved by buying competitors.
- ex Standard Oil.

- Control of all stages of production.
- Reduced costs and increased efficiency.
- Example Carnegie Steel.