history final

Period of rapid industrial growth and change.

-Waterway proximity
-Access to coal, iron, timber
-Urbanization
-Improved Agricultural productivity
-Access to foreign resources
-Accumulation of capital

-system of political domination and economic exploitation by an 'imperial' nation of a 'colonial' area,"
-prior to 19th century, the process of imperialism was a beneficial system for "all"

Political theory advocating classless society and communal ownership.

-19th century philosopher
-father of communism.
-believed that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism.

Buildings where goods are manufactured in large quantities.

Workers focus on specific tasks in production.

-emerged and benefited the most during industrial revolution
-Social class between upper and working classes

Labor force employed in factories and industry.

-air and water pollution from fossil fuels
-Negative impacts of industrialization on nature

Technological advancements in farming equipment (steam engine) increased efficiency in production

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the accepted ideas and social institutions

Political entities characterized by defined territories and governance.

Opposition from elites against industrial changes.

-development of new energy
-innovations like the (steam engine and power loom)
-factory system w specialized labor
-improved transportation (railroads)
-growth of private enterprise -> fueled investment in new tech and production methods

Natural fuels like coal and oil used for energy.

Machines converting steam into mechanical work.

High-accuracy machines for manufacturing processes.

time period in which Mutsohito ruled Japan and modernized his nation.

Organizations formed to protect workers' rights.

idea that production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community

Movement advocating for women's voting rights.

Movement to end the practice of slavery.

Manufacturing process dividing tasks for efficiency.

Engine using fuel combustion for power.

-Scottish economist known for free market theories.
-father of capitalism

Major bank primarily facilitated trade between Europe and Asia.

Products available for purchase by consumers.

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

An independent less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments

Ideology justifying imperialism through survival of the fittest.

Chinese reforms to modernize and strengthen the state.

Belief in European duty to civilize non-Western societies.

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Colonies where Europeans perminantly settle in large numbers, like New Zealand and South Africa.

Patriotic feeling promoting national interests over others.

1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim (sepoy) against the British East India Company over pig/cow fat rifle cartidges in India

-Region in Southeast Europe with diverse ethnic groups
-rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline.

-european powers controlled cotton production in South Asia and Egypt through colonial rule and economic policies
-exported raw cotton to Britain and other European countries for industrial processing, fueling textile industries while keeping colonies dependent on foreign markets

- Questioned political authority & nationalism lead to anti-colonial movements
-Direct resistance and creation of new states
- Rebellions emerged, some influenced by religion (Ghost Dance, Xhosa Cattle-Killing)

-increased polarization between the rich and poor
-Increasing the exposure of assets in hazard prone areas
-nations defined by their GDP

-Britain produced opium in India and exported it to China to balance trade china resisted
-Opium Wars: forced China into unequal treaties, expanding British trade rights and securing economic dominance.

growth of cities after 1900, caused by the reduced need for rural labor and more opportunities for employment

international trade where goods produced in one country are shipped to another country for future sale or trade.

Forced labor system for economic gain.

Contracted labor for a fixed time period.

Use of prisoners for economic production.

Communities of specific ethnic groups in cities.

-company founded by the Dutch in early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia
-drove out the English and established dominance over the region
-went bankrupt and bought by the British

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing

-large colonial empires established by European powers across the oceans used imperialism

Shifts in population characteristics over time.

ppl moving across international border

-government sponsoring industrialization instead of a someone outside the country
-Egypt, under Muhammad Ali, developed industries like cotton to strengthen their economies.

Economic system based on private ownership and free markets.

Economic theory emphasizing state control over trade.

Middle-class women often stayed home, while working-class women worked in factories or as domestic servants.

Enlightenment ideas inspired revolutions and nationalist movements, leading to the creation of new countries.

It raised living standards for some, improved manufacturing methods, and made goods more affordable and widely available.

Factories centralized production, dividing tasks into specific roles, led to specialized, repetitive jobs and higher productivity.

The West experienced rapid industrial growth, Middle Eastern and Asian countries =decline in production due to competition and slower industrialization.

through trade, investment, imperialism, and government-led modernization efforts.

Fossil fuels (coal) powered steam engines, enabling faster and more efficient machines.

advances in steel production, electricity, chemicals, and precision machinery.

Western pressure led Japan to modernize "westernize" its industry, military, and government

They adopted Adam Smith's free trade theories, emphasizing minimal government interference in the economy.

Businesses like the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation emerged to manage expanding global trade networks.

Increased production made consumer goods more affordable, raising living standards.

-responses to industrialization (modernization)
-imperialism
-social unrest
-demand for more equitable political systems.

To improve wages, hours, and working conditions for industrial workers.

Socialist and communist parties formed, advocating for economic equality and workers' rights.

They arose in response to exploitation and inequality caused by industrial capitalism, influenced by Karl Marx's ideas.

They needed to modernize but faced resistance from traditional elites and conservative officials.

The middle class of professionals and business owners, and the industrial working class of factory laborers.

Railroads, steamships, and exploration boosted global trade and encouraged migration for work and new opportunities.

Social Darwinism, Nationalism, Civilizing Missions, Religious Conversions, scientific racism

Imperial powers took direct control through conquest or tightened control using administrative and military power.

The U.S. and Japan gained territories in Asia and the Pacific, while Spain and Portugal's empires declined.

They used warfare and diplomacy -British: West Africa -Belgium: Congo -French: West Africa

Conquered and settled neighboring lands through military campaigns and colonization.

Colonies specialized in exporting raw materials like natural resources and crops to fuel industrial growth.

Colonies exported raw materials, and profits were used to buy finished goods from industrialized nations.

They dominated economies in Asia and Africa by controlling trade and resources, like Britain and France in China.

They sped up communication, transportation, and trade, encouraging global migration and economic growth.

period of British Empire colonial control over territories in West Africa (Sierra Leone, Gambia, Gold Coast, and Nigeria)

-period when the Belgian King Leopold II personally controlled Congo Free State (brutal exploitation for rubber )
-most horrific colonization

period of French colonial rule over a large portion of West African territories
(senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and Niger)

Meeting at which Europeans agreed on rules for colonizing Africa