A&P Hesi

body's maintenance of a stable environment

molecule or cell that provides information about the environment

indicates correct value (e.g. body temp)

What elicits a response that alters conditions within the body's internal environment. (e.g. muscles and glands)

When receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated and conditions are returned toward the set point and effectors gradually shut off. This movement toward homeostasis and balance is called .........

Homeostatic mechanisms that function when changes byeffectors move the body away from normal conditions, causing more changes, is called...... (examples are blood clotting and labor contractions)

Levels of organization

Cell components that perform a specific function

Basic unit of structure and function

Groups of cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions

Structures that perform a specialized function (comprised of tissues)

Groups of organs that function together closely

Comprised of an interacting organ system

above, or closer to the head

below, or closer to the feet

Toward the front

Toward the back

Toward the midline

Away from the midline (closer to the sides)

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into right and left portions

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

Imaginary horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior

Cranial and spinal cavity

Cavity that contains the brain

Cavity that contains the spinal cord and vertebrae

Ventral cavities (near the front of the body)

Cavity that contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

Cavity that is divided into right and left portions by the nasal septum; air-filled sphenoid and frontal sinuses

Cavity that contains the teeth and tongue

Cavity that contains the lungs (chest cavity)

Space between the lungs that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

Potential space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

Cavity containing the incus, malleus, stapes

Cavities (right and left) that are the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes

Cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis; includes stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

Cavity that is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal membranes

Body cavity membrane: which is a serous membrane that lines the lungs

Body cavity membrane: which serous membrane lines the heart?

Body cavity membrane: Which serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

Four major tissue types

Which type of tissue is found throughout the body and covers the body, lines organs, found in the inner lining of body cavities and hollow organs?

Which type of tissue always has an apical (free) surface exposed to an open space (inside or outside)?

What nonliving membrane anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue?

T/F Epithelial cells lack blood vessels, so they are supplied by underlying connective tissues

Functions of epithelial tissue

Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of thin, flattened cells that is thin and delicate, easily damaged?

Simple squamos tissue is common at sites where _ and _ occur, since substances pass through easily.

Alveoli, walls of capillaries, inside the blood and lymph vessels, and membrane coverings in the cavities is where you can find this type of epithelial tissue.

Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of cube-shaped cells?

Which type of epithelial tissue lines follicles of thyroid gland, covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules, and ducts of glands (salivary glands, pancreas, and liver)?

Simple cuboidal cells function in _ and _ and _

Which type of epithelial tissue is either ciliated or nonciliated single layer of elongated cells, which form a good protective layer?

Nonciliated simpl ecolumnar cells are found where?

Functions of simple columnar cells include

Which type of epithelial tissue appears stratified, but isn't, and is commonly ciliated?

Examples of pseudostratified columnar tissue is...

Type of epithelial tissue that is very thick and made up of many layers, that makes up the epidermis (skin)?

Where else is stratified squamos tissue found?

Protein that produces a covering of dry, protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping and microorganisms from entering the epidermis

This type of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a lumen (space within a tube)

Stratified cuboidal is found where?

Which type of epithelial tissue is several layers of columnar cells, in which the superficial cells are elongated and the basal cells are cuboidal?

Stratified columnar tissue is found where?

Type of epithelial tissue that is specialized to change in response to increased tension. It lines the urinary bladder and prevents the contents of the bladder from diffusing back into the internal environment.

Tissue that is specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

Glandular cells are usually found within which two types of epithelium?

Two or more glandular cells compose a?

Which type of gland secretes into a duct that opens onto an open surface? (skin or GI tract)?

Which type of gland secretes into tissue fluid or blood?

which type of gland releases fluids by exocytosis?

Which type of gland loses small portions of glandular cell bodies during secretion?

Which type of gland secretes entire cells along with fluids?

Thin structures that are usually composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue

The four types of membranes are:

Which membrane type lines the joints and is composed entirely of connective tissue?

Which type of membrane lines tubes that open to the outside of the body, in which there are goblet cells inbetween epithelial cells that secrete mucous? (type of epithelium varies)

Which type of membrane lines cavities that DO NOT open to the outside and functions to reduce friction.

Which membrane secretes watery serous fluid?

Which membrane forms the inner linings of the thorax and abdomen and is also composed of simple squamos epithelium and loose connective tissue?

Which membrane is "skin"

What is the most abundant tissue type by weight?

Which tissue provides framework, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, protects against infection and helps repair tissue damage?

Epithelial tissue forms?

Blood, adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage are all examples of ..........

Protein fibers and ground substance between cells in connective tissue is called ___

Cells that remain in their place

Cells that reside in different places in the body (do not remain in place)

Star-shaped cells that produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix, found in connective tissue.

What type of cell originates as a white blood cell, is usually attached to fibers in connective tissue but can detach, and functions as a scavenger cell (phagocytosis)?

What type of cell is usually found near blood vessels in connective tissue and secretes heparin, which prevents blood clotting?

Which cell releases histamine?

What are thick threads of collagen with great tensile strength? They are often found in components of body parts which hold structures together, such as ligaments and tendons.

Tissue containing abundant collagenous fibers

Tissue with sparse collagenous fibers

Which fibers are composed of a spring-like protein called elastin, and are yellow fibers?

What type of fiber is common in body parts that stretch such as the vocal cards and respiratory system?

What are thin collagenous fibers that are delicate supporting networks, such as in the spleen?

What is the name for the connective tissue that forms delicate, thin membranes that binds the skin to the underlying organs and fills spaces between muscles? (type of connective tissue)

What fibers form the delicate supporting framework for certain internal organs, e.g. liver, spleen, lymphatic organs

What type of connective tissue is rigid and provides support, frameworks, and attachments?

______ protects underlying tissues and forms structural models for bones.

What are cartilage cells called?

Which type of connective tissue has an extensive extracellular matrix which is largely composed of collagenous fibers embedded in a gel-like ground substance?

small chambers where chondrocytes are found

A cartilaginous structure is enclosed in a covering of connective tissue called _________, which contains the blood vessels.

The three types of cartilage

Most common type of cartilage

What type of cartilage is most flexible?

Which type of cartilage is the toughest?

Which type of cartilage is composed of a dense network of elastic fibers, and makes up the external ears and parts of the larynx?

Which type of cartilage is composed of very find collagenous fibers, is found on the ends of bones and the soft parts of bones?

Which type of cartilage is used as a shock absorber such as inbetween vertebral discs, and is also used to cushion bones in the knees and pelvic girdle?

Bones begin as ______ during embryonic development.

What is the most rigid connective tissue?

Bone is composed of?

______ of bone forms red blood cells and is also used to store and release inorganic chemicals like calcium and phosphorous

What are the bone-forming cells?

Bone gets its hardness from ______

Tiny channel in bone tissue that contains blood vessels (also called Haversian canal), which osteocytes and layers of extracellular matrix concentrically cluster around.

A layer of extracellular matrix in bone tissue (layers of bone)

Bone stores and releases which two inorganic chemicals?

Once osteoblasts are surrounded by the bone matrix (lamellae), they become fixed and are known as ______.

_______ are cytoplasmic processes that extend outward and pass through minute tubes in the extracellular matrix of bone. Gap junctions connect them to membranes of surrounding cells, allowing materials to mvoe rapidly between blood vessels and bone cells.

Type of connective tissue that consits of cells suspended in plasma

blood cell that transports gases

blood cell that fights infection

Function of platelets

What forms in the hematopoietic tissues in the red bone marrow?

Fat tissue

________ forms when adipocytes stores fat in their cytoplasm

______ forms beneath the skin, in the spaces between muscles, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, in the abdominal membranes, the surface of the heart, and some joints.

Type of connective tissue that is very strong, forms parts of tendons and ligaments (can withstand a lot of pulling), and has poor blood supply.

Type of connective tissue that is randomly organized and can sustain tension exerted from multiple directions. It is found in the dermis.

What major type of tissue is classified as voluntary and involuntary?

Skeletel muscles are controlled by conscious effort and are called __________

Smooth and cardiac muscle tissue can not be controlled by conscious effort and is called _____

Type of muscle tissue that is attached to bones, has multinucleated cells, and is thin and narrow, with alternating light and dark striations.

Type of muscle tissue that lacks striations, has a single nucleus, and lines the walls of hollow internal organs (e.g. stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, bladder).

______ moves food through the digestive tract, constricts blood vessels, and empties urinary bladder

Type of muscle tissue found only in the heart, which forms the bulk of the heart and helps pump blood through it.

Major type of tissue that is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

Basic cells of nerve tissue

Nerve tissue transmits nerve impulses along cellular processes called ______ to other neurons or to muscles or glands

_____ bind and support the components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply growth factors and nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.

Cell organelle that is large, spherical, and contains DNA

Cell organelle that consists of loosely coiled fibers in nuclear fluid (in the nucleus). The fibers contain DNA molecules wrapped around histones

Cell organelle that is composed of protein and RNA, which links amino acids to form proteins. They are found scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to rough ER.

Cell organelle that participates in protein and lipid molecule synthesis

ER that synthesizes protein

ER that synthesizes lipids, absorbs fats from the digestive tract, and breaks down drugs

Cell organelle that prepares cellular products for excretion by exocytosis.

"Garbage disposal" of the cell. Contains more than 40 types of enzymes that dismantle debris. The enzymes work only in very acidic conditions, which keep it from destroying other celular contents.

Inert chemicals within the cytoplasm of a cell.

"Powerhouse" of the cell, where the final step of ATP synthesis occurs.

Part of the cell that is thin, somewhat flexible, that controls the entrance and exit of substances in and out of the cells. It also allows the cell to recieve incoming messages.

The cell membrane is _____ permeable, since it is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

What is the cell membrane recieving and responding to messages called?

The interior of the cell membrane is composed of ____________, which gives it selective permeability and lipid-soluble items will pass through freely.

Protein that spans the cell membrane

Protein that projects from the cell membrane's outer surface

Protein that extends from the outer surface at one end of the membrane and dips into the cytoplasm at the other end of the membrane (functions as receptors)

______ enable cells to bind or touch, which helps white blood cells to slow and guide them to the site of an ingury, and also helps establish connections between nerve cells that underlie learning and memory.

Network of organelles suspended in liquid cytosol

Part of the cell that is the supportive framework formed by anetwork of protein rods and tubules

What is another word for the integumentary system?

Keeping out pathogens, preventing the body from losing water, helping to regulate temperature, and synthesizing nutrients such as vitamin D are all functions of the ___________

What are the two layers of the skin?

What is the outer layer of the skin?

What tissue/cell type is the epidermis made up of?

Layers of the epidermis from outermost to innermost

What is the basal cell layer (deepest layer), which contains melanocytes?

Which skin layer is thicker, and contains connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood?

A sensory receptor within the dermis that is stimulated by heavy pressure is called _________

A sensory receptor located within the dermis that senses light touch is called __________

Sensory receptors within the dermis that respond to temperature changes or to factors that can damage tissues and extend into the dermis are called _________

What connects the epidermis to the dermis?

The layer below the dermis is called what?

Subcutaneous tissue is formed with masses of _____ and ______ tissues and contain blood vessels that supply the skin.

The blood vessels within the subcutaneous layer branch and form a network between the dermis and subcutaneous layer called ________

A waterproof, fibrous protein that accumulates in skin cells as they move further from the dermis and the blood supply.

As epidermal cells become keratinized, they become tightly packed, forming the ________

Glands found on the skin that are usually associated with hair follicles

Sebaceous glands secrete globules of fatty material that bursts cells called ______

Sebaceous glands are _______ glands

Sebaceous glands are found scattered throughout the skin but not found on the _____ and ______

The two types of sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands

Sweat gland that is abundant on the back, neck, and forehead, which produces profuse sweat (watery substance)

Sweat gland that causes odor when metabolized by bacteria, becomes active at puberty, and are activated when emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain.

Skin appendages include ____ and _____

Hair is present everywhere on the body except in these places (5)

The hair follicle is made up of

Dark hair contains more brownish-black ______

Blonde and red hair contains more reddish-yellow _______

The three parts of the nail are

The whitish half moon area that is the most active growing part of the nail is called what?

Providing structure, producing blood cells, support and protection of softer tissues, and attachment for muscles are all functions of this body system

Name the 5 classifications of bone shapes

Which bone has longitudinal axes, and expanded ends (diaphysis and epiphysis)

Which bone shape is cubelike and short?

Which bone type is platelike, with broad surfaces

Which bone type has a variety of shapes and is usually connected to several other bones

Which bones are usually small and nodular and are embedded in tendons adjacent to joints?

The patella is an example of a ______ bone

Backbones and facial bones are examples of _____ bones

Rib bones and some skull bones (frontal) are examples of this type of bone

Wrist bones and ankle bones are examples of this type of bone

Forearms and thigh bones are examples of this type of bone

Bone cells that are arranged in bony chambers called lacunae

Osteocytes and lacunae form concentratic circles around _______

Bone forming cells, once surrounded by bony matrix in the lunacae are called osteocytes

Cells that break down calcified bone matrix

What process occurs as osteoclasts resorb bone tissue and osteoblasts replace the bone

Ends of long bones

Shaft of long bone

Type of bone tissue that is compact and found in the diaphysis

cortical bone

Type of bone tissue that is composed of thin layers of compact bone which branching plates with irregular connecting spaces.

cancellous bone

Spongy bone and Compact bone are both composed of osteocytes and an extracellular matrix, but in _________ cells do NOT congregate around central canals.

Spongy bones contains bony projections called ______ which allows space for nutrients to diffuse into calaliculi (microscopic canals that connect bone tissue)

In compact bone, when osteocytes and extracellular matrix cluster around a central canal, they form a (an) _______

central canals contain ______ and _______

central canals run ______ through bone, while ______ (also known as Volkmann's canals) run transversely and contain larger blood vessels and nerves

Part of the skeleton that supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, and trunk.

Part of the skeleton that pertains the the upper and lower limbs and their girdles

How many bones are there total in the human skeleton?

How many cranial bones are there?

name the cranial bones

How many facial bones are there?

Name the facial bones

Name the middle ear bones (ossicles)

Which bone is located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx, and supports the tongue?

How many bones are in the vertebral column

Name the bones and number in the vertebral column from anterior to inferior

Name the bones and number of the thoracic cage

Name the bones of the pectoral girdle

Name the bones of the upper limbs and number of each

The two hip bones make up what?

Name the bones and number of the lower limbs

Where the inferior part of the brainstem connects with the spinal cord is called what?

Muscle groups, muscles, myofibrils, and sarcomeres are all components of what body system?

Several muscles that control a specific part of the body

Parallel, threadlike structures within a muscle fiber

Myofibrils are thin filaments that consist of two types of protein ______ and _________

thick muscle filaments

thin muscle filaments

Alternating filaments form _____ in muscle tissue

The repeating pattern formed by striations of myosin and actin form the functional unit of myofibrils and muscles called _______

When sarcomeres shorten (contract), the thick and thin filaments do not change length, but rather slide past each other and the thin filaments move toward the center of the sarcomere from both ends. As this happens, the H zones and I bands narrow, regions of overlap widen, and the Z lines move closer together, shortening the sarcomere This is called ____

For a muscle to contract, calcium ions have to be released from _________

calcium stops the inhibitory process on _____ filaments and ______ cross-bridges attach

ATP binds to the _______

Myosin cross-bridges contain ATPase, which breaks down ATP to ______ and ______, resulting in the complete muscle contraction

Muscle type that is under voluntary control and has striations (from the sarcomeres)

Muscle type that is under involuntary control, not striated (no sarcomeres), display rhythmicity, and is active in peristalsis.

Smooth muscle lacks _________, the protein that binds to calcium ions for contraction. Instead, smooth muscles use a protein called ______ for contraction

__________ and ____________ are neurotransmitters that stimulate and inhibit contractions in smooth muscles

_________is a muscle type that is composed of striated cells joined end to end by special junctions called intercalcated discs, and is found only in the heart.

Cardiac structure acts as a unit, called ______, which means when one part is stimulated, the whole muscle responds

cardiac muscle is also _________ and _________

Muscle that reduces the angle of a joint

Muscles that increase the angle of a joint

Muscles that move the body away from the midline

Muscles that move the body back towards the midline

Muscle _____ often indicate a muscle's size, shape, location, action, number of attachments, or the direction of itts fibers

a muscle of large size

pectoral

shaped like a delta or triangle

extensor digitorum

biceps brachii

sternocleidomastoid

external oblique

Basic functions of this system include recieving, interpreting, and reacting to stimuli

functional unit of the nervous system

name the three parts of the neuron

Part of the neuron that arises from elevation called axonal hillock, and conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus with nucleolus

Part of the neuron that is highly branched and provides receptive surfaces for communicating nerve impulses towards the cell body

Type of nerves that carry nerve impulses away from the peripheral body parts and towards the brain or spinal cord

Type of nerves that carry nerve impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to the effectors (muscles or glands)

Afferent

Efferent

Name the two nervous systems

Nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

Nervous system that consists of the cranial and spinal nerves that connects the CNS to the rest of the body

Nervous system that oversees voluntary activities, such as skeletal muscle contractions

Nervous system that oversees involuntary activities, such as viscera (heart, various glands)

The brainstem consists of 3 parts, list them.

Which part of the brainstem functions as a two-way conduction pathway between the spinal cord and higher brain centers such as cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor control center

Which part of the brainstem is a two-way conduction pathway between areas of the brain and other areas of the body, influencing respiration

Which part of the brainstem is a two-way conduction pathway used as a relay for visual and auditory impulses

A part of the brain called the diencephalon has what two brain areas within it?

Which part of the diencephalon (brain) is responsible for regulation of body temperature, water balance, sleep-cycle control, appetite, and sexual arousal?

Which part of the diencephalon (brain) is used as a sensory relay station from various body areas to cerebral cortex and controls emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms?

What part of the brain is responsible for muscle coordination, maintenance of equilibrium and posture, and assists the cerebrum?

Which part of the brain is responsible for sensory perception, emotions, willed movement, consciousness, and memory?

What 3 parts make up the brain stem?

The brain stem consists of ______ and _____ matter