Anatomy and Physiology

cuts or divides the body into right and left portions

cuts or divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

cuts or divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions

Superior

Inferior

towards or in front of the body

behind, towards the backside of the body

closer to the midline of the body

farther away from the midline of the body

closer or toward the body trunk/chest/center of the body

farther and distancing away from the body trunk/chest/center of the body

closer to the outer layer and surface of the body

away from the surface of the body

What is anterior to the esophagus
A. Trachea
B. Lungs
C. Bronchioles
D. Larynx

the neck is _____ to the face

the chin is _____ to the navel

the rib cage is _____ to the heart

the nose is _____ to the eyes

the ears are _____ to the eyes

the fingers are _____ to the wrist

the wrist is _____ to the fingers

are the only bone cells that divide and become osteoblasts

are cells that secrete matrix for bone formation

are bone cells embedded in the matrix

are tiny tubes that form a network to communicate with bones and their blood vessels

ball and socket (shoulder and hip), hinge (elbow and knee)

parietal and frontal bone

scapula, clavicle, ribs, sternum

humerus, radius, ulna

tibia, fibula, femur

tarsals (heel), metatarsals (midfoot), phalanges (toes)

outermost layer

surrounds muscle fibers

deepest layer of muscles

side of head

cheek area

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

the calf area

shoulder area

pectoralis major and minor

serratus anterior

temporalis and zygomaticus

quadriceps and gastrocnemius

deltoid, pectoralis major and minor, and serratus anterior

right

left (fresh to left)

left oxygenated side has the _____ valve

bicuspid valve same as

outermost layer and is in contact with the serous connective layer called the pericardium

the second layer of the heart including the cardiac walls which lets the blood flows in and out

made up of the simple squamous epithelium cells and lines the inside of the heart chambers and the surface of the valves

lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow, then move into thymus, which is what the "t" stands for

lymphocytes which are produced in the bone marrow and are the surveillance for pathogens

an organ which lies behind the sternum and in front of the trachea, t cells are stored here and is at its largest size during childhood

white blood cells with granulocytes, least common of all other granulocytes

white blood cells which are "acidic loving" granulocytes

white blood cells with granulocytes and most abundant in our blood

platelets and cell fragments that do not have a nucleus but help in creating blood clots

is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and acts on kidney to preserve fluid and electrolyte balance by increasing water reabsorption

is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and occurs midway through menstrual cycle, it triggers ovulation and creates the corpus luteum

is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and helps eggs mature and causes the menstrual cycle to start in females at puberty

is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and is responsible for milk production; lactation

is produced in the sex organs and promotes growth and development in females

is produced in the sex organs and promotes growth and development in males

is produced by the adrenal gland and increases reabsorption of sodium ions (and eventually water like ADH) from the nephron

is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland and triggers child birth

is the main hormone for regulating mood and feelings of well-being

is at the base of the brain, right under the hypothalamus, and is considered the "master" gland because it affects other glands in the body

is situated right between the two brain hemispheres and produces the hormone melatonin which modulates sleep patterns

is found on top of the kidney and secretes cortisol

regulates the amount of calcium that flows into the blood and bonese

an organ in the brain that is responsible for keeping our body at homeostasis, it is considered the "command center of the brain" and is anatomically attached to the pituitary gland and therefore controls body temp, fatigue, hunger, and thirst

brain and spinal cord

the cranial nerves and neurons in our body

receives sensory information from our body, the outside world, external stimuli and then relays that information to the central nervous system

peripheral nervous system: systems within itself

this system helps the body and muscles while the vagus nerve slows down the heart rate. "rest and digest" response

this system helps the body react quickly, muscles are tense, "fight or flight" response

directs motor control (muscle coordination), balance, and equilibrium

assists with motor control and cognitive functions such as learning

brain stem of the brain which connects the spinal cord to the brain; controls autonomic functions (parasympathetic, sympathetic)

sensory component for sense of smell

registers visual information

slows down the heart rate

hearing and equalibrium (controlled by the semicircular canals)

anatomy of ear

sends sounds to neurons

sends sounds from the outer ear to the inner ear

also called tympanic membrane, vibrates with sound from the outside to travel into the middle ear

transmits odors

function for smelling, and warming/filter air we breathe

a layer in the back of the eyeball, where visual images are formed

cells that are responsible for seeing in dim, dark lighting

cells that are responsible for color, and seeing in bright light

this is the color portion of the eye

gel-like fluid that fills the eyeball

a cavity in the eye that holds the cone cells

the union of the egg and sperm

the tubes in which the eggs travel from the ovaries to reach the uterus

the hormone which regulates the female reproductive system

the hormone which regulates the male reproductive system; females have it in very small amounts

the result of fertilization when the egg and sperm become one

produces hormones and releases one egg each month for fertilization

chromosomes start to form spindle shapes and separate

the chromosomes start to align into the middle

chromosomes are now two separate entities and move away from the middle to the opposite sides

the nuclear membrane begins to pinch itself around each set of chromosomes

the cell splits into two daughter cells

each cell carries _____ chromosomes