Bobert i jego semantyka

The scientific study of language structure

Speech sounds in their physical aspects

The functions and distribution of speech sounds

The study of the structure and formation of words

The study of the structure and formation of sentences

Meaning

The study of how language changes over time

The study of meaning in context

A sign has a direct natural connection to what it represents, while a symbol is arbitrary and based on convention

Because their relationship to meaning is arbitrary and conventional

The idea that language began with easy repetitive infant syllables

The theory that language began as imitations of natural sounds

The theory that language originated from emotional cries

A natural correspondence between sounds and meanings

Language began as rhythmic chants during collective labor

Language emerged from playful sounds and emotional expressions

Language began from the need for interpersonal contact

The hypothesis that language was invented once

The smallest linguistic element with meaning or grammatical function

A morpheme that can stand alone as a word

A morpheme that must attach to another morpheme

A bound morpheme with a specific grammatical or semantic function

An affix that attaches before the base

An affix that attaches after the base

Allomorphy where forms are phonologically unrelated

Creating words by adding affixes

Combining two or more words into one

Changing a word’s syntactic category without affixes

Shortening a word by deleting phonological material

Merging clipped parts of two words

Creating a word by removing a perceived affix

A morphological process that creates a new word

A morphological process that adds grammatical information

The element that determines the compound’s properties

A compound where the head is inside the word

A headless compound

The ability to form new words

When a word’s meaning becomes idiomatic

The study of how words combine into phrases and sentences

A group of words functioning as a single unit

A phrase headed by a noun

S = NP + VP

Linking constituents with conjunctions

Auxiliaries allow inversion and direct negation

Insertion of do for negation or inversion with lexical verbs

The study of context-independent meaning

Meaning interpreted in context

A relationship of similar meaning

A relationship of opposite meaning

A type-of semantic relationship

A part-whole relationship

The presence of multiple interpretations

Ambiguity caused by different syntactic structures

Ambiguity caused by multiple word meanings

Understanding one concept in terms of another

Referring to something by a closely associated concept

Sense is meaning; reference is the real-world entity

Literal dictionary meaning

Emotional or cultural associations

The study of language and social factors

A language variety tied to social class

Language variation by situation

Knowing how to use language appropriately

An assumption that remains true under negation

Meaning implied but not explicitly stated

Actions performed by uttering sentences

The idea that speakers cooperate to be understood

Rules for maintaining social harmony in conversation

The study of meaning change over time

The study of word origins

Broadening of meaning

Narrowing of meaning

Improvement of connotation

Worsening of connotation

A picture symbol representing an object

A symbol representing an abstract idea

A symbol representing a whole word

A system where symbols represent phonemes

A theory viewing language as a system of signs

The study of language at one point in time

The study of language through time

The abstract shared language system

Individual language use

A system of rules generating infinite sentences

Underlying abstract syntactic representation

The final form of a sentence

The process by which children learn their native language

Evidence that children internalize grammatical rules

The idea that humans are biologically prepared for language

Language must be acquired before puberty

Speech production

Language comprehension

Language impairment due to brain damage

The ability to talk about absent things

Language operates on sounds and meanings

Productivity, arbitrariness, displacement, and reflexivity