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Neurotransmitter Systems

142 flashcardsby Cordelia
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1
List Three Major Classes of Neurotransmitters
Amino Acid, Amines, Peptides
2
Acetycholine releasing and producing cells are
Cholinergic
3
Norepinephrines releasing and producing cells are
noradrenergic
4
List three things that neurotransmitters must do to meet criteria
must be synthesized and stored in the presynaptic neuron, released by the presynaptic axon terminal upon stimulation, produce a response in the postsynaptic cell
5
Recent molecular research indicates (low/high) subtype diversity
high
6
List two types of receptors
transmitter-gated ion channels, G-protien coupled receptors
7
What type of receptor is GABAa (specify ion if it is a trasmitter-gated channel)
transmitter gated, chloride
8
GABAa channels have how many subunit proteins
5
9
proteins are made of
amino acids
10
Dale Principle
idea that a neuron only has one neurotransmitter
11
Is the Dale Principle accurate
no
12
True or false: Since amines and amino acids are similar, they generally can be released by the same sets of neurons
False
13
Cotransmitters
When a neuron releases multiple neurotransmitters
14
Many neurons containing this general type of neurotransmitter have co-transmitters
peptides
15
Many neurons with a specific type of neurotransmitter have co-transmitters. Which of the following combinations is more likely:
two peptides
a peptide and an amino acid or an amine
two amines
an amine and a peptide or an amino acid
two amino acids
an amino adic and an amine or a peptide
a peptide and an amino acid or an amine
16
Based on their neurotransmitter production and release, all motor neurons in the spine and brain can be classified as
cholinergic
17
What neurotransmitters are released by neuromuscular junctions
acetylcholine
18
In what neurons is chAT found
cholinergic
19
chAT is an abreviated term for
choline acetyltranserase
20
the chAT enzyme is used to manufactor
acetylcholine
21
chAT, like all presynaptic proteins, is manfufactured in the (_____) then transported to the (_____)
soma, axon terminal
22
The choline transporter is powered by the
cotransport of sodium ions
23
Name a degradative enzyme produced by cholinergic, and some noncholinergic, neurons to break down acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase
24
acetylcholinerterase breaks acetylcholine down into what components
choline, acetic acid
25
In acetylcholine synthesis, the amount of (___) limits production, making the transport of that substance into the neuron a rate limiting step
choline
26
Many nerve gases target (____), which leads to (___) receptor desensitization
acetylcholinesterase, acetycholine
27
Give two examples of acute effects of the inhibition of acetylcholineserase by nerve gases, then state the typical cause of death in these situations
decreased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, respiratory paralysis
28
Catecholaminergic neurons produce and release what neurotransmitters
dopamine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine
29
Catecholaminergic neurotransmitters are based off of what precursor
tyrosine
30
epinephrine is a:
neurotransmitter
hormone
both
both
31
some of the regions catecholamergic neurons are found are involved in these four example functions
movement, mood, attention, and viseral function regulation
32
Tyrosine hydroxylase
enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine into L-dihydroxyphenylanine (dopa)
33
Activity of what enzyme is a limiting factor for catecholamine synthesis
tyrosin hydroxylase
34
Dopa (L-dihydroxyphenylalamine) is found in which of the following
Dopamine releasing neurons
all catecholamergic neurons
all catecholamergic neurons
35
Dopamine synthesis
tyrosin hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine into L-dihydroxyphenylanine (dopa), which is then converted to dopamine by enzyme dopa decarboxylase
36
True of False: Tyrosine hydroxylase is regulated by various signals in the axon terminal cytosol
true
37
Parkinson's disease
degeneration and death of domaniergic neurons
38
List the catecholamergic neurotransmitters in the (progressive) order they are synthesized in
dopamine, norepinephrine, epiniephrine
39
Norepinephrine synthesis
tyrosin hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine into L-dihydroxyphenylanine (dopa), which is then converted to dopamine by enzyme dopa decarboxylase, dopamine is transfered to the synaptic vesicles, and dopamine B-hydrotyrase enzyme converts dopamine into norepinephrine within the vesicles
40
What enzyme converts dopamine into norepinephrine
dopamine B-hydrotyrase
41
Where in neurons is dopamine B-hydrotyrase found
synaptic vesicles
42
Neurons that produce and release epinephrine
adrenegic
43
Epinephrine production
tyrosin hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of tyrosine into L-dihydroxyphenylanine (dopa), which is then converted to dopamine by enzyme dopa decarboxylase, dopamine is transfered to the synaptic vesicles, dopamine B-hydrotyrase enzyme converts dopamine into norepinephrine within the vesicles, norepinephrine is returned to the axon terminal cytosol, where the enzyme phentalamine n-methyltransferase converts norepinephrine to epinephrine, which is transfered back to the vesicles
44
True or false: catecholamine clefts have a dopalarase enzyme to quckly break down neurotransmitters
false
45
How are catechoramine synaptic cleft actions terminated
selective uptake of neurotransmitters back into the axon terminals by sodium ion dependent transporters, where they are reused or destroyed by monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes
46
What type of neurotransmitter is dopamine
amine
47
What type of neurotransmitter is epinephrine
amine
48
What type of neurotransmitter is norepinephrine
amine
49
What type of neurotransmitter is serotonin
amine
50
serotonin is also called
5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
51
True or False: serotogeric neurons are prevelant throughout numerous regions of the brain, particuarly those involved in mood
false
52
Give two examples of serotonergic neuron functions
regulating mood, sleep
53
serotonin synthesis
amino acid tryptophan is converted into 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, 5-HTP is converted to 5-hydroxytryptamine by the enzyme 5-HTP decarboxylase
54
List two places tryptophan can be found
extracellular fluid, blood
55
serotonin is removed from the synaptic cleft by
transporters
56
amphetamines notably interfere with the synaptic clefts of (____) neurons, they specifically (____). This effects activity in the synaptic cleft by (____)
catecholaminergic, block catecholamine uptake, prolonging activity
57
SSRIs
inhibit serotonin reuptake
58
Give two example of common uses of SSRIs
treating depression and anxiety
59
fluxetine (prozac) is an example of what kind of drug
SSRI
60
What happens to serotonin that was in the cleft after it is returned to the cytosol
it is either reloaded into the synaptic vesicles or degraded by MAO
61
List three amino acidergic neurotransmitters
glutamate, glycine, gamma amino butryic acid
62
what type of neurotrasmitters function as neurotransmitters at most central nervous system synapses
amino acidergic neurons
63
give an example of a glutamate precursor
glucose
64
give an example of a glycine precursor
glucose
65
Would the differences in amino acid synthesis be quantitative or qualitative
quantitative
66
Glutamatergic neuron axon terminals have an average axon terminal cytosol concentration of about how many mM, and this is about how many time higher than nonglutamatergic cells
20, 2-3
67
amines are derived from
amino acids
68
True or False: amino acids are used to synthesize proteins and all amino acids serve that purpose
false
69
Which amino acid is not used as a building block for any known protein
gamma amino buytric acid
70
Which amino acid neurotransmitter is only synthesized in large quantities by the neurons that use it as a neurotransmitter
gamma amino buytric acid
71
gamma amino buytric acid synthesis
glutamic acid decarboxylase enzymes synthesise gamma amino buytric acids out of the precursor glutamate
72
True or False: GABA producing neurons are widely distrubuted across the brain
true
73
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter
gamma amino buytric acid
74
How are synaptic actions of amino acid neurotransmitters terminated
selective uptake in the presynaptic terminal by sodium ion dependent transporters,
75
Adenosine Triphosphate is important for
cellular metabolism
76
adenosine triphosphate is concentrated in the synaptic vesicles of which of the following
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
both the central and peripheral nervous systems
very few places
both the central and peripheral nervous systems
77
True of false: adenosine triphosphate is often a cotrasmitter that is packaged in vesicles along with another transmitter
true
78
How does adenosine triphosphate directly (excite/inhibit) some neurons
excite, gating cation channels
79
Adenosine triphosphate binds to what kind of receptor
purinergic
80
are purinergic receptors transmitter gated ion or G protein coupled channels
can be either
81
Is adenosine triphosphate a neurotransmitter, if not why
no, it is not packaged into vesicles
82
How is excess ATP removed
degraded by extracellular enzymes
83
What kind of molecule are endocannabinoids
lipids
84
True of False: endocannabiniods are actually able to be released from postsynapic neurons to act on presynaptic terminals
true
85
retrograde signaling
signals going from the postsynaptic to presynaptic neuron
86
give an example of a transmitter that can be involved in retrograde signaling
endocannabinoids
87
Which one of the following is used in retrograde signaling:
retrograde molecules
retrograde transmitters
retrograde messengers
retrograde signals
retrograde messengers
88
In the process of retrograde signaling, retrograde messengers often serve to provide this function
feeback system to regulate conventional synaptic transmission
89
True of False: Drugs and toxins are valuable research tools that have allowed the endocannabinoid, opiate, and other systems to be fully understood and studied
false
90
Endocannabinoid synthesis
the firing of action potentials in the postsynaptic neruon causes voltage gated calcium channels to open, calcium enters in large quantities, and elevated intracellular calcium channels stimulates the synthesis of endocannabinoids from the membrane lipids through the activation of endocannabinoid synthesizing enzymes
91
Identify which part of the following statement is false
Endocannabinoid synthesis can be triggered by action potentials in the postsynapic neuron
Endocannabinoid synthesis is triggered by elevated calium levels inside the cell
Endocannabnoid manufacturing is rapid
Endocannabinoids are stored in the vesicles by specialized transporter proteins
Endocannabinoids are stored in the vesicles by specialized transporter proteins
92
Give an example of a transmitter that is small and membrane permeable
endocannabinoids
93
Would endocannabinoid synthesis be better described as rapid or slow
rapid
94
What kind of transporter packages endocannabinoids into synaptic vesicles
none, endocannabinoids are not packaged into vesicles and instead diffuse across the membrane
95
What receptors do endocannabinoids selectively bind to
CB1 cannabinoid
96
where on neurons are most CB1 cannabinoid receptors found
certain presynaptic terminals
97
Are CB1 cannabinoid receptors ion dependent or G-protein coupled
G-protein coupled
98
Name an effect that CB1 cannabinoid receptor binding often has
reduction in the opening of presynaptic calcium channels, impairing the ability of the presynaptic terminal to release its neurotransmitter
99
Do calcium ions have a positive or negative charge
positive
100
What regions of the nervous system is retrograde signaling that suppresses the excitatory or inhibatory processes of the presynaptic neuron found in
throughout the central nervous system
101
List type(s) of cannabinoid receptors
CB1, CB2
102
What is the psychopharmacologically active ingredient in cannabis
tetrahydrocannabinol
103
Tetrahydrocannabinol, found in cannabis, binds to cannabinoid receptors. List three areas or function based groups of areas in the brain that this is likely to happen in
cerebral cortex, motor control areas, and pain pathways
104
What G protien coupled receptor is the most numerically prominant in the human brain
CB1
105
What are anandamide and arachidonylglyciol
endocannabinoids
106
list two endocannabinoids
anandamide and arachidonylglyciol
107
True or false: nitric oxide is being resarched by some as a possible transmitter
true
108
Which of the following is true:
Nitric oxide is found in many different cells in the body
Nitric oxide is found in a few specialized areas, including the central nervous system
Nitric oxide is found in a few specialized areas, including the peripheral nervous system
Nitric oxide is only found in the select regions of the brain, including the motor cortex, insula, and mammilian bodies
Nictric oxide is not naturally found in the human body
Nitric oxide is found in many different cells in the body
109
Nitric oxide can be synthesized out of what
amino acid arginine
110
If theories about nitric oxide functioning as a neuortransmitter are correct, what kind of signaling would it mainly conduct
retrograde
111
Which of the following is true of nitric oxide:
It is larger than most standard neuortransmitters
it is small and membrane permeable
it is small and membrane permeable
112
Explain the communication implications of a transmitter being small and membrane permeable
it can spread though a small region of local tissue rather than being confined to the synapses near the action sites of cells that release it
113
Which of the following most accuately describes the biological breakdown of nitric oxide
rapid
a bit fast
a bit slow
very slow
little to none-the vast majority of nitric oxide s recycled through reputake
rapid
114
true or false: With a few exceptions, the vast majority of neurotransmitters are specialized for that purpose
false
115
Which of the following describes ATP
It is the source of energy for select neurons
It is the source of energy for cells of the central nervous system
It is the source of energy for cells of the rest of the body, but not the nervous systems
It is the source of energy for cells most of the rest of the body and select neurons
It is the source of energy for cells all of the rest of the body and select neurons
It is the source of energy for all cells throughout the body
It is the source of energy for all cells throughout the body
116
Where in the body are acetylcholine levels highest (hint it's not where you think)
corneas of eyes
117
List a substance that is both a neurotransmitter and also a component of blood platelets
serotonin
118
Is synaptic transmission through transmitter gated channels fast or slow
fast
119
Which of the following describes the capabilities of transmitter gated channel current regulation
Can only regulate small currents, but does so with high precision
Can regulate large currents with high precision
Can only regulate small currents, and does so with low precision
Can regulate small or large currents, but consistently does so with low precision
Precision of regulation heavily depends on current size
Can regulate large currents with high precision
120
True or false: transmitter gated channels can be regulated by other receptor systems
true
121
Where are nicotonic aceticholine receptors located
neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles and in some neurons
122
Give a brief description of nicotinic acetylcholine of neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscles receptor composition (include how many subunits, what these subunits are made of and how many different types of that that material are involved)
Four different types of polypeptides form five different subunits that come together to form a central pore
123
GABAa receptors have how many subunits
5
124
glycine transmitter gated receptrors have how many subunits
5
125
How many subunits do glutamate gated channel receptors have
4
126
Are the amino acid residues of polypeptide subunit segments, such as those found in receptors such as GABAa, hydrophillic or hydrophobic
hydrophobic
127
List a difference between the transmitter gated receptor polypeptide subunit segments of glutamate-gated channels and those of nicotinic acetylcholine, GABAa, and glycine receptors
In glutamate-gated channels, the m2 alpha helix does not span the membrane. In the other receptors, all the alpha helices span the membrane
128
Which of the following is true about the structure of glutamate gated channels
They are very distinct and do not really resemble any other channels
They resemble that of sodium channels
They resemble that of calcium channels
They resemble that of GABAa channels
They resemble that of cholide channels
They resemble that of potassium channels
They resemble that of posassium channels
129
Most of the fast synaptic transmission of the central nervous system is mediated by (_____) transmitter gated channels
amino acid
130
List the known glutamate gated channels
AMPA, NMDA, kainate
131
Which 2 glutamate gated receptor subtypes mediate most fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain
AMPA, NMDA
132
True or false: you will never find 2 subtypes of the same receptor gated channels on the same postsynamtic membrane
false
133
Where would one find kainate glutamate receptors
throughout the brain on pre and post synaptic membranes
134
What is the AMPA subtype of glutamate gated channels permeable to
sodium, potassium
135
Give a brief description of nicotinic acetylcholine of neurons receptor composition (include how many subunits, what these subunits are made of and how many different types of that that material are involved)
Two different types of polypeptides form five subunits that come together to form a central pore
136
What is the net effect of the activation of AMPA subtype glutamate gated channels at normal membrane potentential
entrance of cations into the cell and large depolarization
137
True or false: The kainate subtype of gluatamate gated channels is one of the most well researched receptor subtypes because the kainate drug is safe and easy to adminster to subjects
False
138
What is the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptors permeable to
sodium, calcium, potassium
139
When NMDA subtype glutamate receptors are activated, which ion(s) enter the cell and which ion(s) leave it
calcium and sodium enter, potassium leaves
140
True of false: inward current through NMDA subtype glutamate gated channel receptors is voltage dependent
true
141
True of false: inward current through AMPA subtype glutamate gated channel receptors is voltage dependent
false
142
Can NMDA subtype glutamate gated channels in principle cause widespread or lasting changes in the postsynaptic neuron? Why or why not?
Yes, the NMDA subtype is permeable to calicum, which is capable of activating postsynaptic enzymes that can create widespread and lasting changes in neurons)
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