CH12: PERSONALITY DISORDERS

a persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others and may cause difficulties with work and relationships

the problems of people with personality disorders may just be extreme versions of the problems many of us experience temporarily, such as being shy or suspicious

personality disorders are extreme versions of otherwise typical personality variations

ways of relating that are different from psychologically healthy behavior

The dimensional versus categorical debate over the nature of personality disorders can also be described as a debate between ____ and ____.

In this model, people can be rated on a series of personality dimensions, and the combination of five components describes why people are so different

enumarate the five factor model

this establishes the relatively universal nature of the five dimensions—although there are individual differences across cultures

The cluster division is based on

Odd or eccentric disorders
-Paranoid Personality Disorder
-Schizoid Personality Disorder
-Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Disorders
-Antisocial personality disorder
-Borderline personality disorder
-Histrionic personality disorder
-Narcissistic personality disorder The cluster division is based
on

Anxious or Fearful Disorders
-Avoidant personality disorder
-Dependent personality disorder
-Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolant

A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal setttings

A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with reduced capacity for close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccetricities of behavior

A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others

a pervasive pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking

a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses

a pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy

A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive and clinging behavior evaluation

a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

Numbers vary somewhat across countries, but worldwide about what percent of
adults may have at least one personality disorder?

the course of this disorder dissipates after age 40

the course of this disorder is chronic; some go on to develop schizophrenia

the course of this disorder is symptoms gradually improve if individuals survive into their 30s; approximately 6% die by suicide

which gender diagnosed with a personality disorder tend to display traits characterized as more aggressive, structured, self-assertive, and detached?

which gender diagnosed with a personality disorder tends to present with characteristics that are more submissive, emotional, and insecure?

the criteria for the disorder may themselves be biased

the assessment measures and the way they are used may be biased

Puts work (career) above relationships with loved ones, is reluctant to take into account others’ needs when making decisions, especially concerning the individual’s career or use of leisure time, and passively allows others to assume responsibility for major areas of social life because of inability to express necessary emotion

historically describes the condition in which a person has multiple diseases

which includes people who receive pleasure by inflicting pain on others

includes people who are defiant and refuse to cooperate with requests—attempting to undermine authority figures

this involves asking people with said disorder to recall events from their childhood, and suggests that early mistreatment or traumatic childhood experiences may play a role in the development of paranoid personality disorder

Some psychologists point directly to the thoughts (also referred to as ______) of people with paranoid personality disorder as a way of explaining their behavior

The term _______ is relatively old, having been used by Bleuler (1924) to describe people who have a tendency to turn inward and away from the outside world

mistaken beliefs that meaningless events relate just to them

The therapist takes the part of a friend or significant other in a technique known as ____ _______ and helps the patient practice establishing and maintaining social relationships.

a person or people who will be supportive

Schizotypal personality disorder is considered by some to be on a continuum with ____________

believing, for example, that they are clairvoyant or telepathic

Historically, this word was used to describe people who were predisposed to develop schizophrenia

a team of support professionals providing therapeutic services

combination of treatments in order to avoid the onset of schizophrenia

(mania without delirium) to describe people with unusual emotional responses and impulsive rages but no deficits in reasoning ability

a non-SM-IV-TR category similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis on over-behavior. Indicators include superficial charm, lack of remorse, and other personality characteristics.

a constellation of 16 major characteristics, most of which are personality traits

1. Glibness/superficial charm
2. Grandiose sense of self-worth
3. Pathological lying
4. Conning/manipulative
5. Lack of remorse or guilt
6. Callous/lack of empathy

term for children who engage in behaviors that violate society's norms.
-Two subtypes: Childhood-onset and adolescent-onset

the onset of at least one criterion of CD prior to age 10

the absense of any criteria characteristic of CD prior to age 10 years

this designation is an indication that the young person presents in a way that suggests personality characteristics similar to an adult with psychopathy.

is the study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence (such as new learning or stress) that alter the phenotypic expression of genes; it can have an influence on the DNA by changing the gene expression.

underlying aspects of a disorder that might be more directly influenced by genes.

suggests that people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal

the abnormally low levels of cortical arousal characteristic of psychopaths are the primary cause of their antisocial and risk-taking behaviors; they seek stimulation to boost their chronically low levels of arousal

psychopaths possess a higher threshold for experiencing fear than other individuals, the fearlessness of the psychopath gives rise to all the other major features of the syndrome.

According to Gray, three major brain systems influence learning and emotional behavior

this area in the brain is involved in emotion regulation and dysfunctional serotonin neurotransmission, linking these findings with genetic research.

proposes that this disorders result from the interaction of generalized biological vulnerability, generalized psychological vulnerability, and specific psychological vulnerability.

involves helping people cope with the stressors that seem to trigger suicidal behaviors and other maladaptive responses.

this term means theatrical in manner

The ancient Greek philosophers believed that many unexplainable problems of women were caused by the ______ migrating within the body

Freud used the term to describe people who show an exaggerated sense of self-importance and are preoccupied with receiving attention

exaggerated feelings and fantasies of greatness

Criteria for psychopathy emphasize _____, and criteria for antisocial personality disorder emphasize ____.

which symptom is characteristic of persons with borderline personality disorder?

individuals who are asocial because they are interpersonally anxious and fear full of rejection

individuals who are asocial because they are apathetic, affectively flat, and relatively uninterested in interpersonal relationships

the collaborative connection between therapist and client