anatomy & physiology I - biochem ---> digestive system

Mechanical and chemical digestion.

Transfers bolus via peristalsis.

Performs mechanical and chemical digestion.

Folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion.

Secrete pepsinogen, which becomes pepsin to digest proteins.

Produce mucin to protect the stomach lining.

Secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) to aid digestion.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, causing acid reflux; treated with PPIs, H2 antagonists, or surgeries like fundoplication or LINX.

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

The first section of the small intestine where most chemical digestion occurs.

The middle section of the small intestine where the majority of nutrient absorption takes place.

The final section of the small intestine, primarily involved in absorbing vitamin B12 and bile salts.

Folds that increase surface area for absorption.

Small finger-like projections that enhance nutrient absorption.

Cells in villi responsible for nutrient absorption.

Enzymes on the microvilli that aid in the final digestion of nutrients.

Monosaccharides, amino acids, and small polar molecules.

Triglycerides and cholesterol in the form of chylomicrons.

Reabsorbs water and forms solid waste.

The innermost layer containing epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa.

Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.

Performs peristalsis and churning.

Serosa has an epithelial layer; adventitia does not.

Synthesizes bile to emulsify fats; regulates blood sugar via glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.

Stores and releases bile to the duodenum.

Secretes digestive enzymes like lipase, amylase, and trypsin.

A process that reduces deviations from a set point (e.g., blood glucose regulation).

A process that amplifies a response (e.g., blood clotting).

Provide energy; monomer = monosaccharide (e.g., glucose).

Store long-term energy; include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

Composed of amino acid monomers; function depends on folding and structure.

Store genetic information; monomer = nucleotide; polymers = DNA, RNA.

Provides structure and selective permeability for the cell.

A steroid that stabilizes membrane fluidity.

Nucleus, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi body, vesicles, and ribosomes.

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy or proteins.

Movement of molecules against a gradient using energy (ATP).

Cell engulfs materials using vesicles.

Lines and covers surfaces; involved in protection, secretion, and absorption.

Specialized for contraction (skeletal, smooth, cardiac).

Supports other tissues; includes bone, blood, cartilage, and adipose.

Responsible for communication and processing information.

Polarity and hydrogen bonding make water essential for life processes.

Weak intermolecular attractions between polar molecules.

Refers to the heart.

Refers to the stomach or digestive system.

Refers to tissues.

Means "within" or "inside."

Means "on" or "above."

Means "within" or "inside."

Superior means "above"; inferior means "below."

Medial means "toward the midline"; lateral means "away from the midline."

Proximal means "closer to the point of attachment"; distal means "farther from the point of attachment."

The first section of the colon; reabsorbs water and moves waste upward on the right side of the abdomen.

The middle section of the colon; runs horizontally across the abdomen to continue water reabsorption.

The section of the colon that moves waste downward on the left side of the abdomen.

The final S-shaped section of the colon; stores solid waste before it moves to the rectum.