Bio 001 Exam 1

single neutral particles

neutral particles made of 2 or more atoms bonded together

cloud, negativly charged

nucleus, positivly charged

nucleus, NOT charged

force of attraction to protons

determined by the electrons in the outtermost shell of an atom

force of attraction that holds together 2 atoms that share a pair of valence electrons, ONLY FORM IN SAME MOLECLUES

electrons NOT shared equally, have DIFFERENT attractions for electrons, DIFFERENT electronegativities

electrons shared equally, have SIMILAR attractions for electrons, SIMILAR electronegativities

possible for 2 of the same type of atom to be connected with polar bond?

ability to attract shared electrons

low electronegativity

high electronegativity

interactions between molecules with opposite charges, weaker than covalent bonds, form between SAME and DIFFERENT molecules

atoms with FULL opposite charges because electron is transferred, STRONGEST type of noncovalent bond

form between hydrogen atoms with a permenant partial positive charge and atom with a permenant partial negative charge, MEDIUM type of noncovalent bond

very quick temporary positive charges, WEAKEST type of noncovalent bond

with up to 4 other water molecules, make strong interactons between water molecules, POLAR molecules

STRONGLY COHESIVE, HIGH BOILING POINT (lost of energy to pull apart), EVAPORATIVE COOLING (lots of energy to pull apart), EXPANDS WHEN IT FREEZES (4 hydrogen bonds hold them apart)

interact WELL with water, have atoms with FULL and/or PARTIAL charges (more POLAR bonds in molecule)

do NOT interact well with water, FEW/NO atoms with any charges (more NONPOLAR bonds in molecule)

GENETIC INFO, instructions required to create and maintain cells

smaller molecules used to form nucleic acids

chains of nucleotides connected by COVALENT BONDS

double strand, info storage

single strand, messages and more

CELLULAR MACHINES, speed up chemical reactions in cells that form, break down, and change cellular molecules

building blocks (monomer units of proteins), set of 20 common to ALL cells and share common structure, UNIQUE PROPERTIES determined by R-group

chains of amino acids connected by covalent bonds, fold into complex structures sessential for proper structure; held together by NONCOVALENT BONDS; shape determined by COMPOSITION AND ORDER of amino acids

one or more polypeptides

unraveling of 3D shape of protiens, does NOT BREAK COVALENT bonds

energy storage/source (more short term)

smallest carbohydrates, monomer units (glucose, fructose, galactose)

2 monosaccharides connected by COVALENT bonds (sucrose, lactose, maltose)

long chains of monosaccharides connected by COVALENT bonds (starch- energy storage for plants, glycogen- energy storage in animals)

memberane structure and energy storage/source (more long term), primarily hydrophobic

form membranes that define boundaries of ALL cells

HYDROPHILLIC head group interact with watery environment inside/outside the cell; HYDROPHOBIC hydrocarbon chains (tails) interact with each other inside the membrane

NO double bonds (straight); pack together better, form MORE Vander Waals interactions, MORE solid

has double bonds (kinked);form FEWER Vander Waals interactions, LESS solid

type of unsaturated tail, more than one double bond

type of unsaturated tail, one double bond

energy storage lipids, 3 hydrocarbon tails that are different from each other, DO NOT HAVE HYDROPHILIC PART; unsaturated- have double bonds (kinks) and fewer interactions; saturated- no double bonds and more interactions

double bonds can be chemically removed from triglyceride tails to convert liquid fats into solid fats

ALL single celled organisms, one circlular chromosome (piece of DNA), lack internal membrane bound compartments (organelles), SMALLER

single or multicellular organisms, multiple linear chromosomes (peices of DNA wrapped around protiens in nuclues), have various types of organelles

information storage and processing

energy (plant and animal cells)

energy (plant cells only)

protein and lipid synthesis/processing

processing and transport

organize processes = better control, concentrate molecules required for specific functions, anchor cellular molecules in the right place, protect cells by isolating reactive molecules

1. light energy absorbed by antenna pigments gets transferred to reaction center
2. Energy used by reaction center to transfer electrons to mobile electron carrier
3. reaction center pulls electrons from water to replace missing electrons, PRODUCES OXYGEN

energy stored in bonds between atoms

degree of disorder, less disorder -> low entropy, more disordered -> high entropy

products free energy LESS than reactants

products free energy more than reactants

minimum amount of energy required for molecules to react (from transition state)

arrangement of atoms with enough energy to form products

rates of chemical reactions can be increased this way, BUT NOT EFFECTIVE (all reactions go faster, molecules would be damaged)

Speed up reactions by lowering activation energy, free energy of transition state goes down
1. Sustrates bind to enzymes active site
2. Interaction of substrates causes enzyme to change shape (makes forming transition state energetically easier, lower activation energy)
3. Products form and are released by enzyme (enzyme not changed, can interact more)

has specific shape, forms many NONCOVALENT bonds with substrates

Enzymes; strains bonds taht need to be broken, puts atoms that need to form bonds near each other

Enzymes, able to make chemical reactions go significantly faster

Enzymes, catalyze ONE reaction

can change the shape of the enzyme and ability to interact with substrates

increase temperature can increase reaction rate UNTIL high temperature denatures enzymes

changing the amount of enzyme present in a cell, changing the ability of the enzyme to function

molecule that increases an enzymes activity, interact better with substrate

molecule that decreases an enzymes rate of activity, less able to interact with substrate

got attached to enzyme by a COVALENT BOND, permenantly alter shape or active site of enzyme

can interact and dissociate; competitive and non competitive

reversible inhibitors; interact in active site, block interaction of substrates and compete for active site

reversible inhibitors; interaction changes enzyme shape, decrease ability of enzymes to interact with substrates

a series of connected enzyme-catalyzed reactions

INCREASES EFFICIENCY of energy release/storage (less lost as heat and lower activation energy), DOES NOT change TOTAL AMOUNT OF ENERGY released (or stored), provides POINTS OF CONTROL (regulation)

adenosine triphosphate; main energy currency in cells, 3 phosphate groups connected by high energy bonds

molecules that allow transfer of electrons between other molecules

ready to accept electrons (EX: NAD+)

has electrons already (EX: NADPH)

glycolysis prokaryotes and eukaryotes

(2NAD+ —> 2NADH)
Glucose ——> 2 pyruvate
(2ADP+Pi —> 2 ATP)

Does NOT require oxygen, but can’t convert reduced carriers back to oxidized carriers without it

regenerates oxidized electron carriers required for glycolysis to continue when theres not enough oxygen, DOES NOT generate any additional ATP

fermentation prokaryotes and eukaryotes

(2NADH —> 2NAD+)
2 pyruvate ——> 2 lactate

(2NADH —> 2NAD+)
2 pyruvate ——> 2 ethanol

glucose + 6CO2 --> 6CO2 + ~32 ATP (and some heat)

energy (ATP) and electrons (NADPH) used to form carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (and water)
3 CO2 per round, 2 rounds to make glucose

cellular respiration eukaryotic

mitochondrial matrix
some electrons passed to NAD+ (oxidized electron carrier) - forms NADH
One carbon removed- released as CO2
2 other carbons transferred to carrier molecule called CoA, forming Acetly-CoA

cycle of reactions- last reaction generates substrate for 1st reaction
2 carbons transferred from acetyl-CoA gets released as CO2
generates 1 ATP and multiple (4) reduced electron carriers
2 cycles per molecule of glucose- because 2 acetly-CoA are generated from 2 pyruvate produced per glucose by glycolysis

energy released by passing electrons to oxygen is used to form most of ATP in your cells - regenerates oxidized electron carriers
Electron Transport Chain
Produces most of the ATP for cellular respiration

inner mitochondrial membrane (more folds = more room for enzymes)

cell membrane (the only membrane they have)

4 enzyme complexes and mobile electron carriers
Proton gradient formed as electrons are passed to oxygen, which is stored energy that is used by ATP synthase (move from higher concentration to lower concentration because it increases entropy - disorder)

enzyme that uses energy stored in proton gradient to form ATP from ADP and Pi

(Light energy)
CO2 + H2O ----> O2 + Carbohydrate (3 carbons)

why we need light energy

site of photosynthesis in plants

allow CO2 in and O2 (and water ) out - can open and close

light reactions location

calvin cycle location

light energy capturing molecules in chloroplasts, having multiple increases range of wavelengths absorbed and used as needed energy for photosynthesis

absorb light energy - transfer to reaction center

chlorophylls use energy to transfer electrons to electron carriers

1. light energy absorbed by antenna pigments gets transferred to reaction center
2. Energy used by reaction center to transfer electrons to mobile electron carrier
3. reaction center pulls electrons from water to replace missing electrons, PRODUCES OXYGEN

electrons passed through many electron carriers , reactions release energy - used to generate proton gradient

energy stored in proton gradient used by ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP and Pi

1. Light energy absorbed by antenna pigments transferred to reaction center
2. Energy used by reaction center to transfer electrons to mobile electron carriers - ultimately passed to NADP+ (forms NADPH)
3. Reaction center (missing electrons) accepts electrons from electron carriers (come from WATER)

energy (ATP) and electrons (NADPH) used to form carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (and water)
3 CO2 per round, 2 rounds to make glucose