Bio001 Final Exam

change in the distribution of heritable phenotypes

changes in distribution of heritable phenotypes in a population

group of same species living in the same area that can mate with each other

depicts evolutionary relationships

HERITABLE VARIATION in the phenotypes of individuals (due to genetic variation), a force (MECHANISM) of change

individual genotype doesnt change over a lifetime; mechanisms of change ACT on individuals, BUT changes SEEN in populations

acts on existing variation or variation that arises by random mutations

genetic variation arises RANDOMLY in a population, ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS CAN CHANGE, traits have TRADEOFFS, CONSTRAINED (limited to existing or randomly introduced variation), MULTIPLE MECHANISMS of evolutionary change exist ( some may increase)

sources of new alleles, rarely (if ever) cause significant changes in allele frequencies

changes due to random sampling of population (alleles)

changes die to movement between populations

change due to differences in survival and reproduction

change due to human interaction

change due to differences in mate preferences or competition for mates

change in allele frequencies due to random sampling of alleles, chance events can cause allele frequencies to change unpredictably

ALWAYS occuring, allele frequencies are more stable from generation to generation when the populatoin is large

loss of a significant portion of original population (decrease in genetic diversity)

new population establish by small group

genetic drift, most likely to decrease genetic variation (large populations can still be affected)

genetic drift, can cause significant changes in allele frequencies in single generation

a change in allele frequencies of a population die to movement BETWEEN POPULATIONS

magnitude of change depends on differences in _____ of the two populations

magnitude of change depends on differences in how ____ move and in what ____

magnitude of change depends on differences in ____ of movement (eg long term vs short term)

change in allele frequencies due to unequal survival and reproduction (unequal fitness)

measure of how many alleles an individual contributes to future generations (how many offspring an individual has that then have their own offspring)

NOT fastest or strongest, NO fitest combination of traits (have trade off, constrained to existing/ randomly introduced variation)

heritable traits that increase an individuals relative fitness (depends on environment)

number of alleles an individual is able to pass on compared to others in the population

new beneficial traits (alleles) or lead to organisms perfectly suited for environment

natural selection, favors 1 extreme

natural selection, disfavors extreme and favors middle

natural selection, favors BOTH extremes (can lead to speciations)

natural selection, particualr trait may not be always be acted on in the same way

favors traits that improve an individuals chance of getting a mate, INCREASES attractiveness to opposite sex and may DECREASE ability to survive

WHY? individuals with traits favored by opposite sex have other alleles that are beneficial for offspring fitness ("GOOD GENES")

change in allele frequencies due to human intervention (humns choose which individuals mate based on their traits), HAS A GOAL

artificial selection, traits selected for usually do NOT improve fittness

change in single generation

increase frequency of hermful traits

introduce new genetic variation

HIV

AIDS

HIV relies on host resources, energy, and machinery

HIV: hosts, morphology (shape, structure), genome (double or single, DNA or RNA)

infects humans, single stranded RNA genome, reproduces QUICKLY (~2 days)

HIV envelope protiens required for attachment to cells

HIV protien shell

HIV enzymes, necessary for life cycle

2 copies , single stranded

some HIV contain info for ____ , polypeptide gets cut into individual protiens after translation

1. ATTACHMENT AND ENTRY 2. uncoating 3. REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION (copying RNA genome into DNA) 4. INTEGRATION (insertion of HIV DNA genome into a chromosome) 5. transcription of HIV DNA 6. translation of HIV mRNAs 7. new vironassembly 8. budding (aka EXIT)

HIV attachment, ALL cell types that can be infected by HIV

HIV attachment, reuires interaction with coreceptor to enter cells

1. HIV envelope interacts with CD4 2. causes shape change (allows HIV envelope protien to interact with CCR5 coreceptor) 3. HIV envelope protien inserts into cell membrane 4. HIV envelope and cell membrane start to fuse 5. fusion allows HIV capsid to enter cell

HIV, using an RNA template to form a complementary DNA strand

HIV enzyme, present in virons and essential for the virus to produce more vironsafter entering a cell; LESS ACCURATE (causes greater mutation in each generation and greater chance for drug resistance)

1. HIV reverse transcriptase FORMS A COMPLEMENTARY DNA STRAND using HIV RNA genome as template 2. HIV reverse transcriptase DEGRADES (CHOPS UP) RNA TEMPLATE and forms DNA strand complementary to other DNA strand

HIV, insertion of double stranded HIV DNA into host cells chromosomes (location is random)

HIV enzyme that inserts DNA genome into host cell's chromosome

integration, EXPRESSED using host cell's enzymes/ resources AND PASS ON when cell divides

HIV drugs, less likely to affect normal cellular processes and prevent HIV from making more

inhibits copying of HIV genome by replacing -OH with 3 nitrogen atoms, prevents addition of more nucleotides; replication of HIV genome stops and new viruses cannot be produced

can remove AZT from growing DNA strand if AZT added

HIV new infection: could DECREASE frequency if new viruses dont have the same mutation, could INCREASE frequency of new viruses have same mutation

HIV, equally likely to INCREASE or DECREASE frequency

HIV, could INCREASE frequency if same changes occur again, could DECREASE frequency if additional mutation alters that region

could DECREASE frequency if mutation reduces fitness of virus (MORE LIKELY), could INCREASE frequency if mutation provided a benefit other than AZT resistance (less likely)

frequency of mutation could _____ in absence of AZT treatment (LIKELY DECREASE)

lead to incerase frequency of AZT resistant of AZT resistnat mutations (other mechanisms still affect frequency too)

combos of 3 drugs (triple cocktail), typically inhibit at least 2 different HIV enzymes

lacks CCR5 receptors are homozygous for specific mutations in CCR5 gene

likely occured in 1 person in europe

increased in high frequencies in areas where provides FITNESS ADVANTAGE (small pox- reduces ability of cells to be infected)

due to genetic drift and limited gene flow, DOESNT have to provide genetic fitness then