Chapter 11: Eukaryotic Microbes and Invertebrate Parasites

microscopic (ussually single celled) eukarytoes, not plants, animals, or "higher fungi"

*animal-like protists

simple autotrophic (photosynthetic protists)

*heterotrophic organisms, contain chitin in cell wall

*Arthropods
*Worms (parasites)

*multi-cellular filamentous structures (hyphae=branch like) contains various terminal spores (buds at the end)

*grow as single cells with buds

*fruiting bodies and reproductive structures
-can be dimorphic
*aerobic (need O2) or facultatively anaerobic (doesn't prefer specific amounts of oxygen)
*chemoheterotrophic (dervies energy from chemicals, must consume other organisms to get this)
*most are decomposers (saprophytic)
*can be symbionts or parasites

*a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.

*mycelium

*grow rapidly in direction of food source, spores reside in septa between cells (allowing movement along hyphae)

*chitin

*single celled eukaryotes that undergo asymmetric division

True, it depends on the cell cycle

*Saccharomyes cerevisiae

*has sexual and asexual stages of reproduction

"fungus roots"
*fungus facilitates water and nutrient uptake in the plant
*plant provides food and nutrients created by photosynthesis to the fungus.
*fungus supplies nitrogen and phosphorus through breakdown of organic material in soil
-plant provides organic compounds

type of bacteria that has a symbiotic relationship with alga or cyanobacterium (photosynthetic)

*fungus protects, absorbs water and minerals
*photosynthetic member provides organic nutrients

*myocoses

*metagenomics

deep within the body

beneath the skin

hair, skin, nails

localized ares... ex) hair shafts

*caused by normal microbiota
*ex) candidiasis

*mycoses (systemic, subcutaneous, cutaneous, superficial, opportunistic)
*hypersensitivity reactions
*intoxication
*organisms specific infections

*aflatoxins
*ergot toxins

*candidiasis
*histoplasmosis
*aspergillosis

*candida albicans (or C. tropicalis)
*dimorphic fungus (apart of normal flora)

fungal infection

*mucous membranes of mouth, intestional tract, genitourinary tract, and skin

*sexually transmitted (direct contact)
*common constituent of normal flora

humans

*respiratory (fungal) infection
*fungus grows in dimorphic ways (can produce abundant spores)

*histoplasma capsulatum (dimorphic fungus)

*found in enclosed caves with bat poop and water
*transmitted by airborne conidia from soil

*culturing fungus

*amphotericin B

*simple photosynthetic eukaryotes that lack organized vascular system and complex reproductive structures

*chlorophyll (other pigements) that absorb radient energy
*rigid cell walls (made mostly of cellulose)
*some have flagella

in aquatic environments

*one celled aquatic organisms that have two flagella
*capable of producing neurotoxins

*Saxitoxin
*Brevetoxin
they bind to ion channels and lead to paralysis

dinoflagellates (type of algae)

*single celled, eukaryotic organism (belongs to group of protists)
*motile
*some form cysts

*Trophozoite
*Schizogony
*Conjugation
*Cysts

*vegetative state (growing not dividing, adolescents)

*division stage
*asexual repro by fissionudding
*remember it undergoes multiple rounds of nuclear division before cytokinesis

*sexual reproduction

*dormant stage
*encased in protective chitin cell wall (resistant to digestion)

*Amebae

*Entamoeba histolytica

*Intestinal Amebiasis

*transmitted through: cyst contamination
*motile because of pseudopod extension

*Plasmodium
*Cryptosporidum
*Toxoplasma

*Naegleria fowleri (brain eating amoeba) found in freshwater
*Acanthamoeba (corneal infection)

*acanthamoeba

Naegleria fowleri

intracellular parasite, non-motile, with complex life cycles (multi host and stages)
have apical complex (allows it to gain entry into cells)

*Plasmodium (ex) P. falciparum causes malaria)
*Cryptosporidium- causes watery diarrhea (spores are cl resistant and transmitted in water)
*Toxoplasma gondii (causes toxoplasmosis)

*definitive host
*ex) Malaria- mosqitos are defintive host (replication does not equal= sexual repro)

Where the micro organism reproduces sexually

*is what carnovoir consumes (contains cysts in flesh)

Definitive host (carnovoir) consumes the intermediate host and ellimats cysts in feces

CO: Toxoplasma gondii
impacts behavoir (neurological damage and behavoir modifications)
transmission: consumption of undercooked meat
*contact with cat feces

micro organism with one or more flagella

type of flagellates (contains flagella and chloroplasts)

*vector-borne parasite
*obligate parasite
*can cause chagas disease

*type of protozoa
*have no mitochondria
*have multiple flagella

*Giardia lamblia
*Trichomonas vaginalis

*Leishmania Donovani (type of protozoa)
*can never fully get rid of it
*those infected can't donate blood

*Trypanosoma brucei
*vector is tsetse fly (salivary glands)
100% lethal

*undergoes changes of surface antigens (rapid) prevnets immune system from elliminating it

*parasitic worms that infect humans and other animals

*flatworms

*cestodes (tapeworms)
*trematodes (flukes)

Tapeworms

Flukes

*Platyhelminthas (flatworms)
*Nematoda (roundworms)

*Monoecious (male and female reproductive systems in one animal)
*Dioecious (separate male and female)
*egg to --larvae to --cysterci to --adult

*adult parasitic worms

*intermediate host

*burrow through the skin
*cysts in contaminated meat
*contaminated crayfish and snails
*fecal-oral transmission
*vector transmission (mosquitoes)

*beef and pork

*includes hooks and sucker
*holds worm in position, prevents it from being elliminated

*sexually reproductive segments of the adult worms

*infection by larval stage of tapeworms

*parasitic infection caused by tapeworm
*hydatid cysts=large fluid filled bladders that can cause anaphylatic shock if they rupture

Platyhelminthes

Schistosmiasis: causes cullar damage in response to eggs lodging in tissues

blood, lungs, mucosa

T

nematode (worm within a cyst)

Nematode (parasitic worm)