Inflammation and Innate Immunity Pt 3

-Neutrophils
-circulate in blood, engulf and destroy bacteria, granules contain enzymes and antimirobials

-monocytes (develop as they leave hte blood stream)
-macrophages (mature in tissue)
-dendritic cells (migrate to lymph nodes and present antigens to adaptive immune cells)

-ingestion of microbes or particles by a cell

-C3b opsonization of microbe
-phagocytes recognize the C3b and engulfs it
-phagosome formed and digestive enzymes destroy
-exocytosis of destroyed microbe

-when chemokines (peptides) are released by infected cells and activate immune cells
-involves C3a and C5a

-when receptor binding of MAMP's or PAMP occurs (to complement or lectin)

Neutraphil Extracellular traps
neutraphil excretes its DNA to trap bacteria)

-limit spread of infection or tissue damage
-neutralize pathogens
-repair damaged tissues

-vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessles (includes edema and blood clot formation)
-phagocytic immune cells recruite and activated
-tissue repair

-redness
-pain
-heat
-swelling (edema)
-blood clot
-pus
-abscess

-fever

-Histamines
-Kinins
-Prostaglandins
-Leukotrienes
-Cytokines
and other acute phase proteins

-vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

small peptide that contributes to vasodilation and permeability of blood vesseles, aid in chemotaxis

lipids that intensify effects of histamine and kinins

-produced by mast cells, help increase permeability of blood vessels, help phagocytes attatch to pathogens

-released by macrophages (help stimulate WBS) and increas permability of blood vessels

T, these other portions help with release of histamine, attract phagocytes and promote phagocytosis

-slows blood flow and increases volume

-alter cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) causing phagocytes to adhere to vascular walls

migration of phagocytes through vessel wall (extravasation)

cell movement in the direction of a chemical (chemokine) gradient

-margination (phagocytes stick to endothelium)
-diapedsis (phagocytes squeeze between epithelial cells)
-phagocytosis of bacteria

-where immature lymphocytes mature
-Bone marrow (B-cells)
-Thymus (T-cells)

-where lymphocytes encounter antigens
*lymph nodes
*spleen
*peyers patches
*tonsils, adenoids
*appendix

-microclots form as blood proteins and are exposed to tissue factor (leads to more coagulation)
=basically microvascular coagulopathy

-tissue destruction by inflammatory cells
-repair with fibrosis or angiogenesis

-cancer
-arthritis
-authoimmune disease

37 degrees C by hypothalamus

-prostaglandins

-body increases rate of metabolism
-induces shivering to raise temp (chills)

-causes phagocytes to release interleukin 1 (cytokines)

induces apoptosis in target cell

-bind to outside of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) site resulting in cytokine storm
-not an antigen specific response (results in many different T cells being activated)

innate immune cells that destroy virus-infected cells and cancers

-body doesn't make Ab against itself

-process of destroying B and T cells that react to self antigens

active: antigens enter body and induce antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
passive: antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via formula

active: antigens are introduced via vaccines and body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
passive: preformed antibodies in immune serum are injected

-whole inactivated (virus inactivated by chemicals or heat)
-live attenuated (wild type virus passaged through several cell types until mutations accumulate so it doesn't cause disease)

-subunit vaccine

True

pro: tend to mimic actual infection and give better immune response
con: can mutate into virulent form

-oral polio, measules, mumps, rubella

pro: can't cause disease
con: immunity not as strong

rabies, influenza, inactivated polio virus

Type 1

less than 30 minutes

Cytotoxic, 5-12 hrs

Immune complex, 3-8 hrs

-delayed cell mediated
OR
-delayed hypersensitivity
-24-48 hrs

-drug injections
-insect venom
-hay fever
-asthma

transfusion reactions, Rh incompatibility

-arthus reaction (extra dose of vaccine)
-serum sickness (sickness to certain proteins in medicine)

-rejection of transplanted tissues
-contact dermatitis
-poison ivy
-tuberculosis

-hives or asthma from contact or inhaled antigens

-shock from ingested or injected antigens