1Both _____ and _____ indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception.
perceptual set; context
2If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This BEST illustrates:
sensory adaptation
3The color afterimage effect can be explained by the opponent-process system in that _____ cells are inhibited by _____ cells.
green; red
4Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of _____ cues to depth perspective.
monocular
5After some practice, Lori was able to read books while holding them upside down. This BEST illustrates:
perceptual adaptation
6Snakes can detect infrared waves radiated by the bodies of their prey. As compared with humans, snakes can see _____ waves.
higher-wavelength
7The practice of acupuncture is based on the theory that one way to block pain messages is to create competing stimulation. This notion is based on the _____ theory.
gate-control
8Kiara excels at gymnastics, especially at balance beam routines. Her skill depends in large part on her _____sense.
vestibular
9Marketing products/services in a multi-sensorial atmosphere (ex. Starbucks)
Sensory marketing
10What is sensation?
Immediate responses of sensory receptors to basic stimuli (ex. eyes to light)
11What is perception?
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
12Three steps in process of sensation
reception, transduction, transmission
13bottom-up processing
analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind
14top-down processing
Information processes is guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions,drawing on our experiences and expectations
15signal detection theory
predicts how and when we will detect a faint stimulus amid background noise.
Both intensity and psychological factors can affect our threshold
16absolute threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
- boundary between conscious and not aware
17difference threshold (just noticeable difference; JND)
Minimum difference a person can detect between any 2 stimuli 50% of time
18Weber's Law
to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage
19Subliminal stimuli
messages presented below level of conscious awareness
20Embedded images
Pictures or words that are hidden/flashed quickly
21Sub-audible messages
Sounds/words that are too faint to be heard
22Is subliminal persuasion effective?
Results are largely due to placebo effect
23Subliminal priming
activating thoughts or feelings without conscious awareness
24In _____, subliminal priming works with an existing need or drive
controlled labs
25Sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
26emotion adaptation
Opposite emotion will be seen due to neurons being tired from firing
27Perceptual set
Mental tendencies and assumptions that affect (top-down) what we hear, taste, feel, and see
28Context effects
Given stimulus may trigger different perceptions because of the immediate context
29cornea function
bends light so image can be focused on retina (as it enters the eye)
30iris function
Muscles controls size of pupil
31Pupil function
allows light to enter the eye due to iris opening
32Lens function
Changes shape to bring objects into focus
33Retina function
Contains photoreceptor cells
34Fovea function
Central area of retina, greatest density of photoreceptors, usually cones
35Optic nerve function
Sends visual info to the brain
36blind spot (optic disc) function
Where optic nerve leaves eye, no photoreceptor cells here
37Rods
sensitive to faint light, and located in the periphery of the retina. Sees in black & white
38Cones
sensitive to detail and color