Genki I Chapter 4: Past Tense

Polite form of ある with the が particle, used to indicate something INANIMATE exists.

Polite form of いる with the が particle, used to indicate something ANIMATE exists.

Noun は (ここ/そこ/あそこ) です。

X は Y の (location word, like 右 or 上) です。

ちかく, near

となり, next to. Typically used for two people or buildings found side by side.

よこ, side. You can use this to indicate that something is "at the side" of another object. It's like the word 隣 except it can be used for a wider range of things.

あいだ, between two things

そば, near

です

じゃないです

でした

じゃなかったです

Also. You often times replace は and を with も, but with に and で you simply follow up these particles with も.

When you use a bare noun, such as 一時間, to express the duration of an activity, it does NOT need to be followed up with a particle. Add ぐらい to say it at as an approximation. Use 半 for half an hour.

Quantity words such as たくさん can be added either directly before the noun or after the particle that follows the noun.

Many, usually written in kana.

Connects two nouns together. A と B. (A and B)

Describes with whom you do something with. Placed after the person you're doing the verb with.

Change the verb into ます form and change す into した. For instance, 会う becomes 会います which then becomes 会いました.

Change the verb into ません form and add on でした. For instance, 会う becomes 会いません which then becomes 会いませんでした.