1て-form
The て-form has many purposes including:
- Linking two phrases together
- Asking someone to do something
- Saying "even if X" when combined with も
- Asking permission
- Prohibiting someone from doing something
- Saying that you will do A to prepare for B
- Saying that you'll give something a try
- Saying something was an accident
- Apologizing
- Giving or receiving favors
- Saying that you'll do B after A with から
- Saying that you're currently doing something
Knowing only the first few is necessary, but just know the other situations exist.
2て form of る verbs
Drop る, add て
3て form of う-verbs that end in む, ぶ, or ぬ
Drop む, ぶ, or ぬ and add んで
4て form of う-verbs that end in う, つ, or る
Drop う, つ, or る and add って
5て form of う-verbs that end in く
Drop く and add いて
6て form of う-verbs that end in ぐ
Drop ぐ and add いで
7て form of う-verbs that end in す
Drop す and add して
11ください
ください can be used to ask for something or to ask someone to do something.
~をください: Please give me A
~てください: Please X for me
12(Phrase A) て, (Phrase B)
Saying that you did or will do A and then B.
It can also mean that A is why or how you did/do B.
13~てもいいです
Grants permission to someone to do something. You can add か on the end of it to turn it into a question asking for permission.
どうぞ is another way to grant permission.
14~てはいけません
Used to say that something is prohibited and against the rules. Usually used by people with authority, can sound a little harsh.
15~ましょうか (Offering assistance)
~ましょうか can also be used to offer assistance.