4 Intelligence PSYC1004

Intelligence is subjective in the sense that people will often say, "She is smart... for a woman." Or, "She is smart... for a black person."

Sir Francis Galton thought that intelligence was hereditaryenetic, and was inspired to that end by Charles Darwin, his cousin.

Inherited Mental Constitutions was Sir Francis Galton's name for Intelligence.

Sir Francis Galton's book was called Hereditary Genius.

Sir Francis Galton's book Hereditary Genius was released in 1969.

Sir Francis Galton was a eugenicist who believed that intelligence was inherited. His ideas were inspired by Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

Sir Francis Galton's era was the 19th century.

He lived between the years of 1822 and 1911.

Alfred Binet was commissioned by the French 'Ministry of Public Education' to devise a test for intelligence in 1905.

The French 'Ministry of Public Education' required a way to pick out children who would require a specialised education style.

Alfred Binet's intelligence testing was commissioned by the French 'Ministry of Public Education.'

Alfred Binet's facets of intelligence:
1. People get more intelligent with age.
2. The rate at which people get more intelligent is consistent throughout life.

Mental Age was the name Alfred Binet used for the results of his intelligence testing.

Mental Age is the idea that different ages have specific milestones.
If an 8 year old has the mental thinking of a 6 year old, then their Mental Age is 6 years old.

Professor Lewis Terman taught at Stanford University.

Professor Lewis Terman's testing revision is called the Stanford-Binet test.

The Stanford-Binet test was devised in 1916 and was called the Form L.

The 1916 test was called the Stanford-Binet Form L.

The Stanford-Binet test was revised in 1937.

The second Stanford-Binet test was called the Stanford-Binet Form M.

Student Maud Merill helped Professor Lewis Terman create the Stanford-Binet Form M test.

The Stanford-Binet test used on the US army was called the Army Alpha.

The Stanford-Binet Army Alpha test was revised into the Army Beta test.

The Army Alpha test was revised into the Army Beta test because some military entrants were illiterate and thus could not successfully complete the Army Alpha.

The Army Beta test used images such as mazes, picture-completelion, and cryptograms to subsitute some of the word-form and verbal testing in the Army Alpha.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was created in 1939.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revision 1 is called the WAIS-R.

The WAIS-R was revised from the The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in 1981.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revision 2 was called the WAIS-III.

The The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revision 2, the WAIS-III, was devised in 1997.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revision 3 was called the WAIS-IV.

The WAIS-IV was devised in 2008.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revision 4 is called the WAIS-5.

The WAIS was revised into the WAIS-5 in 2024.

IQ testing began being used in Australian schools in 1939.

The IQs of Australian WWII army recruits was tested by The Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER).

Intelligence is subjectively inferred from IQ testing.

Factor Analysis allows Psychometric researchers to reduce the numner of correlation coefficients of the efficiency of multiple intelligence tests by putting the tests into similar categories.

This also suggests that we are testing for the same ability in different ways.

The g Factor was theorised by British psychologist Charles Spearman in 1923.

The g Factor was developed in 1923 by psychologist Charles Spearman.

The g Factor is a measure of overall intelligence that works in conjunction with skills.

For example, mathematical ability is the combined effort of the g Factor and one's mathematical knowledge.

Psychometry is the study of psychological test statistics.

Psychometry tries to make sense of mental processes, abilities, and competence via testing.

Psychometry.

'g' Factor.

Thurstone divided the 'g' factor into Primary Mental Abilities.
S - Space
V - Verbal
W - Word fluency
N - Numbers
P - Perceptual speed
M - Rote Memory
R - Reasoning

S - Space (spatial awareness).

V - Verbal comprehension (understanding speech).

W – Word fluency (speaking).

N - Number facility (mathematics).

P - Perceptual seed (recognising visual patterns).

M - Rote Memory (remembering stuff by rote).

R - Reasoning (dealing with novel problems).

Seven.

1. S – Space (visual spacial awareness).
2. V – Verbal comprehension (understanding speech).
3. W – Word fluency (speaking).
4. N – Number facility (mathematics).
5. P – Perceptual speed (recognising visual patterns).
6. M – Rote Memory (memorising stuff by rote).
7. R – Reasoning (dealing with novel problems).

Crystallised intelligence (retrieval of learned information. Problem solving schema).

Fluid intelligence (abilitiy to solve novel problems by creatively combining previous experiences. Tower of London).

Crystallised intelligence is the ability to retrieve previously-learned information and schema.

Fluid intelligence is the ability to creatively solve novel problems.

Geared towards the Tower of London problem.

Stratum III: General intelligence. Used in most mental activity.
Stratum II: Broad intelligence. Basica cognitive functions. Memory. Learning.
Stratum I: Narrow intelligence: 70 specific abilities.

The Three Stratum Model.

Stratum III: General intelligence.

Overall mental activity.

Stratum II: Broad intelligence.

Basic cognitive functions. Memory, learning.

Stratum I: Narrow intelligence.

70 specific cognitive abilities.

1. Metacomponents. Higher order. Planning, regulation, trask performance.
2. Performance Components: Methods and processes. Perceptual processing, schema.
3. Knowledge-Acquisition Components: Allows us to lern from experiences.

KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION = CRYSTALLISED INTELLIGENCE.

Sternberg devised 3 components.

Metacomponents.
Performance Components.
Knowledge-Acquisition Components.

Howard Gardner devised the Multiple Intelligences model.

1. Linguistics intelligence.
2. Logical-mathematical intelligence.
3. Visuspatial intelligence
4. Musical intelligence.
5. Body-kinaesthetic intelligence.
6. Interpersonal intelligence.
7. Intrapersonal intelligence.
8. Naturalistic intelligence

Psychological test Reliability is about the consistency in different assessors scoring the same test.

This is called Internal Consistency.

Internal Consistency occurs when two assessors will score the same psychological testt the same way.

Interjudge reliablity is when a psychological tes remains consistent over time.

What is INTERJUDGE RELIABILITY?

A psychological test is Valid when it accurately measures what is has been designed to measure.

What is CONSTRUCT VALIDITY in psychological testing?

When items on a psychological test measure the same type of knowledge or skills, the Content is considred to be Valid.

What is Content Validity?

Standardisation is the act of developing a scale of what is 'normal' from a large sample of people, to create highly controlled methods.

What is STANDARDISATION In terms of psychological testing?

Normal Distribution is a bell curve with scores clustering around the centre.

The very middle is the average, and is designated 100 in IQ testing. Half the population sits on either side.

What is Normal Distribution?

The Flynn Effect is the concept that IQs have increased in the 20th century.

What is the Flynn Effect?

Dynamic IQ testing involves giving a subject feedback on their results and then retesting.

Outcome Bias is how much lower an intelligence test predicts compared to a person's true ability.

Predictive Bias is when an intelligence test works for some groups but not for others.

Stereotype Threat occurs when one believes their abilities to be lower than they are due to the demographic they belong to.

Stereotype Threat also occurs when a person does not want to negatively influence the stereotype of their demographic, and thus becomes anxious about it.

Opposite of Stereotype Lift.

A Stereotype Threat.