2 Perception PSYC1004

The Ventral Pathway runs from the back of the brain, under it, and ends in the Temporal Lobe.

The Dorsal Pathway runs from the back of the brain over the top towards the front.

The Dorsal Pathway begins in the brain's Primary Visual Cortex.

The Ventral Pathway begins in the brain's Primary Visual Cortex.

The Dorsal Pathway ends at the Frontal Lobe.

The Absolute Threshold is the lowest amount of sensory input one can detect.

Signal-Detection Theory is the concept that the Absolute Threshold of a sense is heightened by environmental factors.

An example of Signal-Detection is one's heightened sense of sound after experiencing a jump-scare in a horror movie.

When one has a low Absolute Threshold in a certain sense, it means they had greater sensitivity than someone who has a high Absolute Threshold.

Metaphor: in golf, the kowest score wins.

The Difference Threshold is how different a stimulus must be to notice the difference.

For example, two colours of paint, or the weight between two different objects.

At a basic level, the Ventral Pathway detects the motion of an object - where it came from, where it is going, at what speed.
It can determine an object's trajectory.

The Weber Fraction is the difference between two stimuli that can be detected by a human.

The Weber Fraction for Vision is 1/60.

The Weber Fraction for pain (heat) is 1/30.

The Weber Fraction for loudness Audition is 1/7.

The Weber Fraction for Smell is 1/4.

The Weber Fraction for Taste is 1/3.

Motion Streaks are the way an object looks depending on its trajectory - where it came from, and where it is going.

Types of polysomnographic analysis include:
- Electroencephalograpy (EEG)
- Electro-oculography (EOG)
- Electromyography (EMG)
- Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- Pulse oximetry
- Airflowespiratory effort (breaths per minute)

PSG stands for Polysomnography.

The Vestibular System detects balance using the inner ear, and helps us retain balance.

Imbalance in the Vestibular System can cause symptoms such as nausea and vertigo.

Salience bias is the tendancy to pick or attend to something that is / because it is at the front of the mind. Emotional, striking, prominent, visible.

Bottom-Up Processing is the act of processing raw data.

As opposed to Top-Down Processing, which js the act of using existing knowledge to parse the information.

Shadowing is when one filters out other stimuli so they can focus on one stimuli.

Shadowing is to the detriment of other stimuli.

Related: Selective Perception, Inattentional Blindness.

Top-Down Processing is the act of using existing knowledge to extrapolate on Bottom-Up input.

As opposed to Bottom-Up Processing, which uses raw sensory data.

When one receives raw sensory data, one unconsciously performs Selective Perception where they can filter out the data as so to focus on one piece of data.

Related: Shadowing, Inattentional Blindness

Inattentional Blindness is when one focuses on one stimuli and loses sight of another.

Related: Shadowing Selective Perception.

Inattentional Blindness is when one fails to multitask and focus on one stimuli to the detriment of another.

Related: Selective Perception, Shadowing

The Gestaltaws of Perceptual Organisation are:
- Similarity
- Proximity
- Closure
- Continuity

Similarity

Proximity

Closure

Continuity

The Gestalt law of Conituity is when one will link elements together in the smoothest manner.

E.g. seeing an X as two intersecting lines instead of two Vs.

The Gestalt Law of Closure is the idea that people tend to close gaps in an incomplete figure.

For example, a circle made up of three unconnected arcs.

The Gestalt law of Proximity states that humans will group objects together if they are near one another.

The Gestalt law of Similarity states that we will automatically group similar objects together.

Field Independence learning is when one focuses on the small details.

Field Independent learners can separate the forest from the trees. They are also better at individual working.

B.F. Skinner developed Operand Conditioning.

The stimulus comes after the Behaviour in Operant Conditioning.

E.g. One makes a reddit post and is downvoted a lot. As a result, one never posts again.

In Classical Conditioning, the response comes before the Behaviour.

E.g. Pets get storm anxiety. Since the air pressure changes before storms, pets learn to become anxious before a storm.

The Availability heuristic is utilised when one recalls the most prominent idea as the solution to a problem.

E.g. when someone asks you to recommend a toothpaste, you may re the last toothpaste advertisement you saw.

The Algorithm heuristic occurs when one systematically goes through a set to find their solution.

E.g. going through every aisle at the supermarket, one after another, to find a bottle of tomato sauce.

The Representiveness heuristic is based on stereotypes.

E.g. one may ask to speak to the manager at a store, and be surprised to find the 16 year old they are already talking to is the manager.

I am Reformulating a problem when I say, "Okay, let's think about this a different way."

Chunking is to remember small elements as a larger group.


E.g. one remembers to grab their wallet, keys, and phone in one fell swoop before leaving the house.

Objects that are moving closer to you should appear to be getting larger.

Backwards-moving objects should appear to get smaller.

Features on a rotating object should move in the direction of the rotation.

E.g. the features on an object that is rotating horizontally clockwise should appear to be moving horizontally clockwise.

The Müller-Lyer lines are shown with V shaped lines on each end. One has ends facing inwards, one has ends facing outwards. They appear to be different lengths despite being the same length.
>----< >----<

Anchoring is when one relies on the first piece of information (the 'anchor) when trying to solve a problem.

E.g. when patients presented to ED with congestive heart failure it took longer for their shortness of breath to be investigated.

Incubation is when one 'levels up.'

When one cannot solve a problem, a strategy can be to step away from the problem for a tjme. During the break or perhaps when they come back, a solution should be found.

The subjects who were deprived of sensory stimuli developed issues with the stimuli they were denied. E.g.:
- Cannot differentiate colour
- Cannot fully understand visuals of far distances
- Cannot perceive vertical lines
- Issues with spacial awareness

Bottom-Up Processing is also known as Ecological Processing

Top-Down Processing is associated with CONSTRUCTIVISM.

Constructivism is associated with Top-Down Processing.

Objects that are closer to one's eyes are more Retinally Disparate than objects further way, which is one way the brain process depth.

Eye Convergence is the level at which the view of an object in each eye overlaps, this showing how distant the object is.

The way objects are layered against each other is called Interposition. When an object is Interposed (in front or behind) another object, we can tell which one is closer to us.

When an object is partially hidden behind a another object, Top-Down Processing is used to extrapolate what the hidden object is.

Linear Perspective is an illusion of three-dimensional depth ona two-dimensional surface which relies on the principle that two straight lines travelling backwards will eventually converge.

This is related to One-Point Perspective.

Size Constancy is when one is so familiar with an object that it is perceived to be the same size at varying distances.

An object that is higher up is considered to be further away, even on a two-dimensional surface.