CL321 Final

the conquest of Lydia began conflict between the Greeks and Persians.

the son of Gyges, built the Lydian Empire and conquered Greek cities, forcing them to pay tribute. The Greeks he ruled over were eventually usurped by the Persians.

in the 550’s, Persia didn’t yet have control of Babylon or Egypt.

Persian King, founder of the first Persian Empire and led the expansion of Persia into Western and Central Asia. His rule oversaw the conquests of the Median Empire, Lydians and Babylon.

Cyrus captured Babylon and freed the Jews so that they could return to Israel.

Cyrus’ son. Conquered Egypt in 525 and tried tampering with their religion, which was not typical Persian practice.

expanded Persia into Europe by invading Thrace.

“provinces” set up by Cyrus in Babylon.

more than a governor but less than a king. Ruled over each Satrapy.

Darius I attempted to conquer Scythia but didn’t end up going through with it because they refused to fight him.

said he would claim Naxos for Darius. Used Darius’ fleet but was defeated

uprising of Greek states in Asia Minor against the Persians after the Persians began taxing them. The revolt failed when Darius captured Miletus.

the Ionion Greeks lost to the Persians, the war was essentially over at this point.

Darius captured the city of Miletus, essentially ending the Ionian Revolts.

tragic poet, author of “the sack of Miletus”. He was fined for his work and forbidden from performing ever again.

play written by Phrynichus.

nephew of Darius I, took control of Ionia after the revolts ended.

Athens and Eretria voted to send aid to the Ionions during the revolt. They were able to push back the Persian forces until the Battle of Lade.

Athens and Plataea fought the Persian forces, resulting in a defeat of the Persians and a turning point in the war. This occurred after the Greek loss at the Ionian Revolt.

joined the Athenian fleet and suggested they go to Marathon.

the Athenian polemarch, killed in the battle of Marathon.

suggested that the Athenians go to Marathon to fight. This plan had both political and tactile advantages.

Archons become less important, the strategoi (elected generals) start running things in the military.

a rich silver mine that was public property. Themistokles proposed that they not give the money to the public but instead build a better fleet to fight the Persians with.

Darius’ son. Egypt revolted when Darius died so Xerxes had to address that before the Greeks. While Darius would send his minions, Xerxes fought the war himself.

the conquered Greeks of Asia minor join the Persians in attacking other Greeks.

roughly 200,000 soldiers.

the Greeks created a league against the Persians. The Peloponnesian League + Athens + a couple other city states. Military efforts coordinated by the Spartans.

Thebes notoriously sided with the Persians.

term for Greeks siding with the Persians.

a narrow pass in Thessaly. The Greeks wanted to strategically place themselves here because they knew they could not outnumber the Persians. However, the locals couldn’t be trusted and they relocated to Thermopylae.

the Thebens surrendered, the Persians surrounded the helpless Spartans and shot them with arrows, killing all but one

the Spartan fleet set up here during the Battle of Thermopylae.

Spartan King who led the Battle of Thermopylae

a measure proposed to the Athenian assembly. A plan to evacuate the women, children, and elderly. There is a theory that the inscription of the decree was actually a forgery because it contradicted Herodotus.

Athenian hero from the Battle of Salamis.

fought on the same day as the Battle of Thermopylae. Greek victory against the Persians. They lured the Persians into a narrow body of water to get an advantage.

Spartan victory over the Persians

general who commanded a Spartan force of 5,000 infantry men at the Battle of Plataea.

a naval battle won by the Spartans against the Persians. The Persian war was over, but the Greeks weren’t really aware that the Persians weren’t coming back.

after Mucale, the Athenians sailed to the Hellespont and sieged the city of Sestos.

father of Pericles, led the siege of Sestos

seized the formerly Persian territory of Byzantine. There was a rumor that he was in kahoots with the Persians so he was dragged back to Sparta and removed from command

the oracle at Delphi said that the Spartans were cursed because the Ephors dragged Pausanias from the temple just before he died

the Spartans ask the Athenians not to rebuild their walls. Themistokles went to Sparta to dispute the request and had the walls built while he was gone. The Spartans find out their plan and hold Themistokles hostage. Themistokles ends up fleeing to Asia minor anyway and works as an advisor to the Persians.

the Athenians and their Allies, located at Delos. An explicitly Ionian league. Some states were not voluntary members. Sparta doesn’t really care

group of elected Athenian officials who managed the Delian League. 10 elected per year. Sophocles (c. 442) was the most famous

the Athenian who decided how much each state must pay to the Delian League

“contributions” or tribute payments by allies to Athens. Some states could pay with ships instead of currency

league of Sparta’s former allies. One of the reasons why the Spartans didn’t care about the Delian League—this had them preoccupied.

city in North Western Asia with control of the mines (precious metals). The first city conquered by the Delian League.

city conquered by the Athenians because “they needed to get rid of all the pirates”.

island at the end of Euboea, forced into the Delian League

island that asked to leave the Delian League after ten years of membership. Athens took their fleet, pulled down their walls and charged a ridiculous 30 talent tribute

Kimon found the skeleton of Theseus and brought it back to Athens. It became a massive grave where people sought shelter/sanctuary.

great hair, prominent Athenian military and political figure in Athens in the 470’s. LOVED Sparta. Rival of Pericles. Implicated in the Kleisthenes tyranny because his father was Militates.

“Sparta Boy”, Kimon’s son.

land and sea battle against the Persians with Kimon as general. The allies ask to leave after the battle is done and the Athenians say ‘no!’

the Helots and Perioikoi revolt from the Spartans after an earthquake.

the island of Thasos revolts from Athens over control of the mines. Thasos asked for help from the Spartans but they never showed up. Athens won (took fleet, pulled down walls, 30 talent fee)

Spartans called upon Athens to help fight the Helots at Ithome. The Athenians came for help and the Spartans turned them away because (a) they weren’t Dorian (b) they did new things.

the Spartans received an oracle telling them to stop attacking the Helots. The Athenians took the Helots to the island of Naupaktos.

island that the Helots relocated to

after success in Thassos, Kimon was tried for accepting bribes. Perikles acted as the prosecutor but Kimon was acquitted

ostracized when Athenian democracy became more radical. When he returned, Athens dissolved their alliance with Sparta.

Athens allied with Thessaly and Argos even though they sided with the Persians during the war.

man who made reforms in Athens after Kimon was out of the picture. His main target was the Areopagos council.

lost their rights to: probouleusis, ethynai, and dokimas. These rights were instead given to the working class (the Boule retained their rights).

right for the Areopagos council to make proposals to the assembly.

the Areopagos council could audit an Athenian official at the end of his term via a trial.

the vetting process that someone goes through before holding office. Morally based.

large courts of 1500 people chosen by lot or vote. They decided who was guilty and how they would be punished. Radicalization of Athenian democracy.

could now serve as archons. Plowmen who produced 200-299 medimnos per year. Previously could only serve on councils.

Athens and Sparta go to war with one another.

Greek warship

a Greek historian who wrote about the Peloponnesian war, except his work was lost.

historian, moron

Athens sent 2/3 of their fleet to Egypt to fight the Persians there. At the same time they fought Thebes, Corinth, and Sparta.

a Dorian state on the Isthmus of Corinth. The prize of the First Peloponnesian war.

Dorian island, another area of dispute between the Athenians and Spartans during the war (along with Megara)

Athenians built long walls between Athens and their port to make a Spartan land attack difficult. They only needed access to the sea to succeed in battle

a hoplite battle between Sparta and Athens in Theben territory. Sparta won, but Athens marched up days later and beat the Thebens w/o the Spartans to help them

Dorian island taken by Athens. Athenians imposed the 30 talent fee

term used to describe the rise of Athens as a dominant state after the end of the Persian War.

a Greek historian who wrote about the Pelop. War but his work was lost

the island where the Athenians dropped the Helots after the revolt. This was a strategic location for Athens because it was off the coast of the Peloponnese

Athenians lost their entire force to the Persians. 200 warships, 30-40,000 people.

after the loss in Egypt, the Athenians moved their treasury from Athens to Delos

a large stone pillar on the acropolis where the Athenians transcribed which cities had paid tribute to them

returned from ostracism and the Athenians asked him to negotiate a peace treaty with Sparta. This led to the Five Years Truce

Spartan conceded everything that Athens gained in the Peloponnesian War. Athens got to keep Megara, Aigina and the North Eastern Peloponnese

Athens sailed to Cyprus to confront a large Persian fleet. They emerged victorious, although Kimon died (rip king).

Athenians sent Kalios of Athens to Persia. Debated whether or not this actually happened.

with a formal peace treaty with the Persians, the Athenians had no reason to keep the league. If they forced the states to remain in the league, they would be opening announcing themselves as an empire

defended the “polite culture” of Athens and blamed Kleon for causing the transformation to Imperialism in the 420’s.

Imperialism existed in Athens before the 420’s. Coinage Decree.

Athens declared that everyone had to use Athenian currency. They melted down other city’s coins. The punishment for not cooperating was death.

Proved that Mattingly was right about Athenian Imperialism.

argued for the old view of Athenian Imperialism

argued for the new view of Athenian Imperialism

Episkopoi, Cleruchies, Litigation, Oaths, Imposing Democracies, Proxenoi, Phrourachs, Walls

“spies”, Athenian officials who would go to other cities to make sure everyone was on their best behavior.

lots of land. Athenians would decide which parts of the city were the best and let Athenians live on the prime farmland.

Athenians who settled in other cities. Paid taxes to Athens but not the city state where they lived.

law cases against Athenians from people of other states would have to occur in Athens. This discouraged people from bringing up lawsuits.

forced cities to swear oaths of loyalty to Athens.

Athens would impose democracy on a state if it revolted

official friends of Athens in other states who would host visiting Athenians

a garrison commander. Showed that Athens would put troops in other cities.

Athenians would pull down the walls of conquered states.

Zeugitai, Dikasteria System, Jury Pay, Citizenship law 451/0, Building Program (Parthenon, Propylaia)

Radically Democratic Things

middle class can be archons.

large courts with hundreds of Athenians serving at once

Athenians were paid to serve in the courts. Proposed by Pericles.

Pericles proposed that true Athenians would have to have an Athenian mother and father. This was an attack on the aristocracy who often married people from other cities.

phenomenally expensive building projects such as the Parthenon.

a temple to Athena on the acropolis.

the gates to the acropolis, part of the building program

Melesious made a speech to the Athenian assembly saying that their extravagant spending might offend the states they were taxing.

the people of the city of Chalcis in Euboea were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to Athens after their revolt failed.

wrote ‘The History of the Peloponnesian War’. His work is unfinished.

described “the necessary things”, wrote speeches as best as the speaker could have made them. Consulted many sources to get the most objective truth before writing.

“The truest cause was the one : the Athenians grew strong and inspired fear in the Spartans and caused them to go to war”

Thucydides’ father. Very aristocratic family with connections to the North

the Spartan general who defeated Thucydides. Described by him as being the greatest Spartan general.

Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War. Advocated for an aggressive military and imperial strategy.

the first 23 sections of Thucydides, using Homer as a blueprint. The story of “the old things”. Trying to assert his own work as equal to Homer

“the necessary things”

human nature, states’ character, brutality of power, positive attributes, hope, motivation, tragedy.

people are more inclined to do bad than good

social sciences. Different cities act in different ways.

power will be used in unpleasant ways. “The weak will suffer what they must.”

suggests that there can be negative consequences for peoples’ positive attributes.

excessive or insatiable greed

bad things can happen to people who put their trust in hope.

people are motivated by fear, honor, and self-interest.

life is tragic. Bad things happen to good people and good things happen to bad people

Greek culture lived on the backs of middle class farmers who earned surplus money to become hoplites (and thus citizens)

women in democracies had less rights than in aristocracies. Women married young with incredible disparity in power, education, etc. This was not the case in Sparta

“the home” and domain of the women. Everyone living there was under the control of the women (even finances)

Perikles’ second wife. Considered scandalous because she was seen outside of the home.

Kimon’s sister, would leave the home and talk to Athenian leaders.

an annual festival where Athenian women left their homes and camped outside the city for three days

carrying of baskets festival, citizen women were let out of the home.

non-citizens who lived freely but had moved from other city-states. They had to pay Athenian taxes and Metic taxes and serve in the military. Could not own land.

the ability for non-citizens to acquire land. This was approved by popular vote/agreement.

paid companions. Educated women who would hang out with men. Not prostitutes.

most slaves were Greek. Athens would conquer states and enslave the women and kill all of the men.

“slaves of the Demos”, public slaves owned by the state. Used for secretarial purposes, policemen.

Athens had to give back control of many of their wins in the Five Year Treaty. They lost Megara and Aigina. States allied with either Sparta or Athens were not allowed to switch sides.

“the causes, origins” of the war, explained by Thucydides

“the differences of view, opinion”, explained by Thucydides

“the truest cause” (of the war, as described by Thucydides).

the daughter city of Corinth sought an alliance with Athens.

granddaughter city of Corinth in Northwest Greece. Corcyra and Corinth supported opposite sides in a civil war. Corcyra won (Corinth = mad)

battle between Corcyra and Athens against Corinth.

Athenians renewed treaties with these cities

Athens renewed its treaty with Thurii

a colony of Corinth that paid tribute to Athens. Athens seized the city after they refused to kick out the Corinthians and tear down their walls

Aigina was made an autonomous city after the Thirty Years Truce, but complained to Sparta that their autonomy was being infringed upon by Athens

the Athenians sent a herald to Megara to complain that they had farmed sacred land. The Megarians killed the herald (not cool). Megara was banned from using the Athenian harbor or market place. Megara asked Sparta for help.

Spartan ephor. Had the Spartans vote on whether or not the Athenians were doing their allies harm. They voted yes and sent embassies to Athens about the Megarian Decree.

Spartan king who advocated to remain out of war after the Thirty Years Truce.

encouraged the Athenians to go to war over Megara, even if it seemed like a trivial matter. The Spartans demand that Athens drive out Perikles because he was a cursed Alkmeonid

thought that he was not a demagogue. Wanted history to look back upon the Athenians and see that they were willing to die for power.

thought that Perikles was a demagogue who manipulated people and used public money to gain popularity

wrote a biography on Perikles saying that he bought his way to power (jury pay). He said that Perikles pivoted to being a proper statesman once his enemy was exiled because he no longer had the competition

wrote a pamphlet that exposed the scandalous activities of Perikles

Perikles divorced his first wife and married Aspasia

Perikles’ homies. They were all run out of Athens for various reasons

the Athenians wanted to avoid an infantry battle with Sparta at all costs. Sparta wanted to provoke them into an infantry battle, so they marched into Athens and burned down their crops. Perikles moved everyone inside the city walls and said that they should just wait it out.

the Spartans would march back up to Athens every year and destroy the crops, slowly depleting the Athenian funds.

a Boeotcian city allied with Athens, enemy of Thebes. The first movement of the war that has nothing to do with Athens/Sparta. Thebes besieged the city and executed everyone.

likely some strain of typhus. The entire city of Athens was overcrowded and thus the plague hit them hard

a civil war broke out in Corcyra between the democrats and oligarchs. Athenians supported the democrats and Sparta supported the oligarchs

civil war

the city of Mytilene and the rest of the island revolted from Athens. Athens besieged the city. Kleon proposed that they kill everyone. Diodotos said that they should not do that

advocated that the Athenians should not kill all of the Mytileians

the Spartans get marooned on the island of Pylos after trying to destroy an Athenian fortification there. 120 Spartans surrender to Kleon (unheard of until then)

a city that commands the mining and timber industries. Athenian colony. Sparta and Athens duke it out and Athens lost

returned everything to the status quo before the war. Both Corinth and Thebes were opposed to the Peace. Sparta’s truce with Argos was expiring so they needed to get out of the war against Athens. Athens got to keep Pylos

Thebes had to give back their fortress, Panactum, as a result of the Peace and refused. They offered to give it to Sparta but the Thebens destroyed it in advance

Athenians killed all of the men and enslaved their women

Athenians levied a property tax on their own citizens paid by the middle class and wealthy property owners. The higher classes started to be more pro-Spartan

very attractive man who was raised by Perikles. His goal was to ally Athens with Argos.

a battle between Athens and Sparta as a result of the Argos-Athens alliance. Spartan victory that snaps the Peloponnesian League back into order. Sparta marched up to Argos and beat the shit out of them afterward

island, colony of Sparta. They didn’t want to ally with Athens so the Athenians besieged their city and killed everyone. Apparently Melos was supplying Sparta with raisins.

city in Sicily aligned with Athens, at war with Syracuse (colony of Corinth) and asked Athens for help. Athens sent ships knowing it would provoke the Spartans.

three generals “under their own power” who had to collaborate. Sent to Sicily. Nikiad, Alibiades, Lamachos

Athens and Sparta entered a formal alliance where Athens agreed to aid Sparta if attacked or if the Helots revolted

at the end of Arcadian War, Thebes was asked to give back Panactum but refused

the citizens refused to reenter alliance with Athens

Archidamian War, Athenians killed all the men and enslaved all the women

alliance between Athens, Argos, Elis, and Mantineia

statues across Athens that were defaced right before the ships sailed to Sicily. Alkibiades was accused of being involved.

political clubs in Athens. Agreed to work with Alkibiades’ oligarchic movement

a single Spartan sent to help Syracuse, instructed that they build a wall perpendicular to the wall the Athenians were building.

high ground where Athens began building walls to block Syracuse from the rest of Sicily. There were skirmishes every day where the enemy would tear down parts of the wall and the Athenians would rebuild

a new general sent to Sicily from Athens, suggested a surprise attack at night. His night attack backfires and the Athenians are forced to march to center Sicily and leave behind their sick and wounded.

“pre-counselors” designated to put restraint on democracy because Athens was broke. 10 Elder Statesmen were appointed to give the state suggestions on how to economize. They could make or prevent proposals of the Athenian assembly.

Alkibiades suggested the Spartans put up a permanent fortification here so they don’t have to march to Athens every year. Sparta was able to keep terrorizing Athens constantly

Persian representative whom Alkibiades believed he could use to allign Athenes with the Persians. Alkibiades wanted to use such an alliance to end Athenian democracy, but Tissaphernes refused and sent him away.

island that Athens made their headquarters for Aegean operations. There was a pro-democracy counter revolt here. The Athenians in Samos formed their own assembly and swore an oath to democracy.

supported Alkibiades and went to Athens to work on overthrowing the government. He assassinated some people for the cause.

started by Alkibiades. They voted to increase the probouloi from 10 to 30 (court packing)

they moved the meetings far out so that only the wealthy hoplites who owned weapons could attend the meetings.

supposed to be a temporary council, a group of homies who dissolved the Council of 500 and wanted to limit the Athenian vote to middle class and above. Started executing people who resisted them.

the hoplites formed a council in opposition to the 400. A civil war was on the horizon, but Sparta attacked Eueboea and the hoplites had to leave and fight. When they returned, the 400 was deposed and a government of hoplites was established.

the 5000 lasted for a year but gradually democracy returned.

first big Athenian victory after Sicily. Alkibiades as general.

a history that started where Thucydides left off.

another Alkibiades victory, Spartan fleet destroyed and they ask for peace

Spartan navarch who commanded the fleet at Cyzius. He was kiled and the fleet was destroyed

after the Athenian victory at Cyzius, he proposed that they do not allow for peace

restoration of jury pay, “two oble payment”

King of Persia, father of Cyrus

Persian son of Darius II, sent to the coast to take over the war against the Athenians

the Spartan naval commander in the later parts of the Peloponnesian War.

the rule of ten. Lysander established boards of governors in different city states, creating small oligarchies

the Athenians acted against Alkibiades orders and lost the battle against the Spartans, Alkibiades was not elected general the next year.

Athenian general, rebuilt the Athenian fleet using money collected by melting down statues of Athena. Offered slaves their freedom and citizenship to medics if they joined the fleet.

Athenians were victorious at this battle with their new fleet. The generals were executed though because they didn’t collect the bodies from the water.

suggested that the Athenian generals be executed without trial after the Battle at the Arginusai Islands

the Athenian fleet was destroyed again but Konon escaped with a few ships. The Spartans embargoed the city and starved the Athenians into submission. Corinth and Thebes asked that Sparta destroy Athens but Sparta refused

a Spartan military governor

Spartan naval commander

Persian Prince and military general who lost the Battle of Cunaxa.

battle between the Greeks and the Persian Cyrus the Younger. A Greek victory.

considered the most important King of Sparta, commanded Sparta through its period of supremacy.

pitted Sparta against the coalition of Athens-Thebes-Corinth-Argos, a response to Spartan Imperialism after they won the Peloponnesian War.

negotiated by the Persian King, ended the Corinthian War.

student of Socrates, contemporary of Plato.

non-Athenian metic who wrote speeches for defendants in Athenian courts. He had a grudge against the Thirty and most of his speeches attacked them

talked about the Thirty in the Constitution of the Athenians

“the Thirty Tyrants”, essentially a decarchie in Athens. Meant to propose changes to the Athenian constitutions to make it less democratic. Voted into existence by the Athenian assembly because of fear.

appointed to govern Peiraeus harbor.

jailors who collected people to be executed.

“fig declarers”, persecuted other people for profit (not justiceeason). The Thirty passed a law against them

philosophy of Kritias, “the beautiful and the good”.

defined the rich as “the useful”.

Athenian statesman and member of the Thirty. Opposed the prosecution of random people and was then executed by Kritias.

the Thirty would pay people to prosecute their enemies

pro-democracy, planned to attack the Thirty with his homies. They seized the harbor and caused a civil war. In 403, the Athenians reviewed their laws

tyranny → public money, the Athenian character, study of the common man was important because of Athenian politics

democracy

liberty

real name unknown, “old oligarch” who saw the connection between the economy and the empire, how it benefits the people who run shops

professional teachers, claimed they could teach people how to speak persuasively

sophist from Sicily who rhymed and believed in relativism (you can argue something from any view point).

sophist, taught people at a price. Believed that arete/virtue could be taught

man with a lot of followers, didn’t write anything but was written about by his followers. Believed in moral philosophy and logic.

Athenian comedian, “Clouds”, “Acharnians”, “Knights”.

Aeschylus, Sophokles, and Dionysia

3 Greek Tragedians

play about Sokrates as a sophist. Written during Sokrates’ lifetime, unclear what is true and what is fabricated for the sake of comedy.

Sokrates wanted to know “how ought we to live”, the right thing v. wrong. Sokrates believed that arete was in someone’s soul, not their actions.

one of Sokrates' principles

Sokrates’ friend who went to Delphi and confirmed that “no man was wiser than Sokrates”.

put on trial for multiple reasons. Found innocent but put to death

Sokrates claimed that everyone was already against him going into the trial because of prior biases. Said they needed to erase satire like “Clouds” from their judgement.

claimed that Sokrates corrupted the youth, did not believe in Gods, and was a religious radical (new Gods)

New/formal charges

(1) not one person can corrupt a generation, (2) he isn’t an Atheist but a daimonion, (3) the court is envious of him, (4) his is like Achilles and won’t back down in his defense of justice, (5) God?, (6) he is a benefit to Athens, (7) the families of his students support him, (8) he won’t beg for forgiveness

Sokrates’ Defense

Sokrates’ believed that a tiny voice lived in his head and told him not to do things. He believed that if a divine little thing existed, then a divine big thing would as well (Gods).

maritime league of the Athenians and their allies formed to prevent the rise of Sparta and Persia.

assembly within the Second Athenian League

Thebens crushed Sparta, Epaminondas died

Theben general during the Theban hegemony, died at the Battle of Leuctra.

a troop of elite Theben soldiers, mainly known for their performance at the Battle of Leuctra

Thebes was the most powerful state in central Greece for 10 years

chief political and military official and Theben general during the Theban hegemony, died at the Battle of Leuctra.

Mantineia + Tegea, two most powerful states in Arcadia.

new city formed by the Arcadian League as their capital. Citizens were middle class people who could afford to be hoplites.

dominated by Thebes during their hegemony

the Athenian festival/theater treasury. Athens favored spending money on theater tickets rather than spending it on war

made to defend the Chalcidians against Philip, appealed to Athens for an alliance.

city that fell to Philip. Athens didn’t send any aid and after this no one wanted to align with them.

Athens was able to take these states that were in the Macedonian sphere of influence

the Arcadian League seized Olympia and used the sacred treasure kept there by other states. Mantineia left the alliance and joined Athens-Sparta.

raised in Thebes and transformed the Macedonian military. They used cavalry in revolutionary, effective ways. Head of the Snake strategy.

a long, 18 inch lance used by the Macedonians

Athens declared war on Macedonia but didn’t actually do anything because they were busy with their own allies

argued that Athens shouldn’t fight Macedon so they could keep buying theater tickets

war between the cities of Locrus and Phocis over Delphi

Athens began negotiations with Philip but none of their demands were put in writing so the Macedonians destroyed Phocis and charged them a 10,000 talent tribute.

Philip seized this city after the destruction of the Amphictyonic League and installed Olympias as King

Athens prevented Philip from taking Byzantium and other cities on the coast of the Black Sea, then declared war on them again. Philip managed to seize the Athenian grain fleet and cut off their food supply

league that swore an oath to protect Delphi. Literally everyone was a part of it. They declared war on Phocis after Phocis straight up took Delphi. Philip defeated them.

Philip slowly took the western and central kingdoms of Thrace

Demosthenes wanted to use money for the war economy, Aeschines did not.

the Athenian war economy

king of Northern Thrace, ally to Athens

appealed to Athens and gained an alliance. Made to defend the Chalcidians against Philip. He attacked their city of Olynthus

Philip conquered Olynthus in Chalcidia despite the efforts of Athenian Demosthenes

Phocis versus Locrus. Locrus was sanctioned by the Amphictyonic League for “farming the sacred land”. They voted to put Philip in command of the war and sent him and his army straight into central Greece

Thebes-Athens against Philip. Turning point in Greek history as Athens was forced into an alliance with Maxedon and Thebes lost lots of territory.

the Greek military was unified under Macedonian rule against the Persians.

the Greeks voted Philip General of Greece for some reason