1the peninsula in Southern Greece, contains Sparta, Olympia, Argos, etc.
Peloponnese
2the southern section of the peloponnese, capital is Sparta
Lakonia
3Mycenaean Period
c. 4100-1700
4Cyclades
a cluster of islands in the Aegean sea
5a cluster of islands in the Aegean sea
Cyclades
6Crete
an island populated by Minoans, somehow held a lot of power over the Atheneans in early Greek history
7c. 4100-1700
Mycenaean Period
8Neolithic Revolution
c. 7000
9Milos
sacred island surrounded by the other cycladic islands
10Greek term for themselves
Hellas, Helleans
11(still) undeciphered Minoan language, precursor to Linear B
Linear A
12an island populated by Minoans, somehow held a lot of power over the Atheneans in early Greek history
Crete
13the people of Crete, named for King Minos
Minoans
14Achaeans
term the early Greeks likely called themselves
15Knossos
capital of Crete
16Hissarlik
small hill that contained layers of Troy
17Palas
a Greek city state
18The Trojan War c. 1200
war between the Achaians and Trojans which lasted 9 years, defining event of all of Greek history
19war between the Achaians and Trojans which lasted 9 years, defining event of all of Greek history
The Trojan War c. 1200
20major settlement in the Northwestern corner of Asia Minor
Troy (Ilion)
21ethnic division, most likely the same people as the Achaens
Akhiyawa
22King of Mycenae, brother of Menelaus. Commanded the Achaeans in the Trojan War
Agamemnon (+his bitches)
23Sub-Mycenaean Pottery
now art looks like shit lmao
24Basileus
in Linear B, the Basileus is the visor to a mortal King
25Ionian Greeks
one of the four Greek ethnic groups, immigrated from Greece to Western Asia Minor. Descendants of Mycenaean Greeks
26Trojan-Era Battle Weapons
chariot, composite bow, boartusk helmet, tower shield
27Schliemann
German businessman who used his wealth to find Troy. Discovered Priam's Treasure
28German businessman who used his wealth to find Troy. Discovered Priam's Treasure
Schliemann
29Achaeologist that Schliemann partnered with to find Troy
Calveit
30small hill that contained layers of Troy
Hissarlik
31the layer of the hissarlik thought to be of the Trojan War, but was too old
Troy II
32Javelin
a weapon depicted in The Iliad as being cowardly/pedestrian (like arrows), despite being extremely powerful
33Grave Circle A
grave of six kinds that would be reused and filled with new bodies
34Arete
human excellence. Fighting and speaking well
35Troy IV
level of Troy later suspected to be from wartime
36Linear B
writing system used by the Mysinian Greeks, deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1954 who realized that it was a syllabic script. Lost in the Dark Age, with the exception of Cyprus.
37writing system used by the Mysinian Greeks, deciphered by Michael Ventris in 1954 who realized that it was a syllabic script. Lost in the Dark Age, with the exception of Cyprus.
Linear B
38the first documented battle in human history. Egypt v. Hittite
Battle of Kadesh c. 1275
39the people of Anatolia who came into conflict with the Egyptians during the Battle of Kadesh
Hittite
40an aggressive group of seafarers responsible for the near destruction of the Egyptian Empire during the Dark Age. Some of them were Greek in origin
Sea People
41Polis Politics
(1) an Assembly (2) a group of Magistrates (3) a Council
42Protogeometric Period ca. 1050-900
style of Greek pottery, first period of the Dark Age
43Tribes
extended family groups with their own religious ceremonies and assemblies. Ionians have four tribes and Dorians have three
44Geometric c. 900
people discovered the triangle but art still looks like shit
45Iron Age c. 1100
still can't read but homies figure out how to smelt iron, everything bronze --> iron
46still can't read but homies figure out how to smelt iron, everything bronze --> iron
Iron Age c. 1100
47Greeks migrate from the Balkans across the Aegean sea to Western Asia Minor. Ethnic divisions would become extremely important
First Great Greek Colonization
48one of the four Greek ethnic groups, immigrated from Greece to Western Asia Minor. Descendants of Mycenaean Greeks
Ionian Greeks
49one of the four Greek ethnic groups, also descended from Mycenaean Greeks
Aeolians
50The Olympics
a truce was held across all of Greece during the Olympiad and it was often used to date things
51Achaians
one of the four Greek ethnic groups, originally from Argolis and Laconia. The Greeks referred to in the Odyssey/Iliad
52Lyric Poetry
songs begin to emerge in various meters and the voice of the individual emerges. Often accompanied by the lyre or flute
53Phonecian Alphabet c. 750
modern Greek, adopted after 350 years of illiteracy
54modern Greek, adopted after 350 years of illiteracy
Phonecian Alphabet c. 750
55modern Greek, adopted after 350 years of illiteracy
Phonecian Alphabet c. 750
56(a) it's absolutely necessary OR (b) it's for weak ass bitches
Ideas on Archery
57a bard with wicked bars, not the sole creator of the Iliad, but probably sung it the best and had his wor transcribed by someone else
Homer
58the meter that epic poetry is written in
Dactylic Hexameter
59classicist who went to Croatia and found illiterate men singing epic poetry
Milman Parry
60reusable phrases that scan as feet in dactylic hexameter
Noun Epithet Groups
61Misunderstandings in Homer's Poetry
functions of chariots, archery, thrown spears. Important some of his "modern" political understandings into the story.
62Ideas on Archery
(a) it's absolutely necessary OR (b) it's for weak ass bitches
63Hoplite Theory
tyrants emerge to overturn aristocratic opposition to the citizenship of the Hoplies. These tyrants would draw large middle class support
64The Iliad c. 750
epic poem by Homer on the Trojan War. Primary Lesson: there are no good guys
65Dualism
a system of thought in antiquity where things are divided into Good and Bad
66a system of thought in antiquity where things are divided into Good and Bad
Dualism
67a system of thought in antiquity where things are divided into Good and Bad
Dualism
68Heroic Society
"shame culture", shame is worse than sin
69"shame culture", shame is worse than sin
Heroic Society
70human excellence. Fighting and speaking well
Arete
71honor, gained by demonstrating Arete
Timé
72Hesiod c. 700
poet who, unlike Homer, inserts himself as the narrator
73Theogony
work by Hesiod, describes the origins of the Gods
74Spartan Women
more agency than other women. Could own property, play, etc.
75Moral of Hesiod
Reciprocity. Do good and good with find you
76Perioikoi
free Dorians living in Lakonia under their own governments but subservient to Sparta
77c. 800-500
The Archaic Age
78language and religion
Hellenic Unity
79outsiders who do not speak Greek
Barbaroi
80city-state the size of a city/town
The Polis
81Atthigographers
local historians in Attica, identities unknown
82Age of Colonization
the wave of Greeks moving to their city states and settling down
83Basileus
religious official ("king") in the Athenian State
84Ekklesia
assembly of citizens who pay taxes and serve in the military. They make the ultimate decisions but their agenda is controlled by the Boule
85The Boule
council of elders and former magistrates, sets the agenda for the Ekklesia
86council of elders and former magistrates, sets the agenda for the Ekklesia
The Boule
87magistrates with executive power (get shit done). Chosen by lot or elected.
Archons
88extended family groups with their own religious ceremonies and assemblies. Ionians have four tribes and Dorians have three
Tribes
89brotherhood where everyone is related to the same mythical person. Where citizenship is determined. Controlled by clans
Phratries
90Clans
noble/aristocratic families who can be traced back to a specific historical figure. Not everyone is in a clan, but everyone is associated with one. Clans control Phratries
91Religion in the Polis
not the same across every city state but they had similar relationships with their Gods, made sacrifices for them, etc. Morality is a cultural belief, not a religious one
92Medimnos
one unit of produce, about a bushel and a half
93Colonies
a city state would send colonists to create a "Daughter City" to the Metropolis/Mother City. Colonists were sometimes willing participants, sometimes not. There was a population explosion at the end of the Dark Age
94Oikist
the founder of a daughter city, worshipped as a demigod
95the founder of a daughter city, worshipped as a demigod
Oikist
96farmland became privatized after the Dark Age and farmers could sell their surplus crop. The job was ass but it was profitable and sustainable
Surplus Crop
97place where the oracles resided
Delphi
98priestess within the temple who would answer on behalf of the gods
Pythia
99Entheogen
a plant used for its psychedelic properties to produce "religous experiences"
100Panhellenic Games
Greeks from across the Mediterranean participated in games/events
101525/4
Archonship of Kleisthenes, son of Megakles
102Agon
'the Greek Struggle'. The Olympics were won for glory, not money
103Make Athens Great Again
Athens was a C-tier city and under Peisistratos they intended to level up: building, making Athens the center of Homeric Poetry. Trying to rise to the same level as Corinth, Sparta, etc.
104subset of the Archaic Age, rule of one man over a city-state
Age of Tyanny c. 650-500
105someone who seized power in an unusual way, bypassing the ekklesia, boule, archons, etc.
Tyrannos
106songs begin to emerge in various meters and the voice of the individual emerges. Often accompanied by the lyre or flute
Lyric Poetry
107early lyric poet
Archilochus of Paros
108Pheidon of Argos c. 675-650
King of Argos, first recorded tyrant. Took control of Sparta, the only major military victory Agros will ever have over Sparta
109The Pheidonian Standard
system of weights and measures created by Pheidon in Argos
110Boule of 500
50 citizens chosen by lot from the 10 tribes, regular Athenians setting the agenda
111Periander
the second tyrant of Corinth, known for establishing colonies. One of the seven sages
112Diolkos
a dragway created across the isthmus of Corinth, later became a canal. Made trade easier, creating "wealthy Corinth"
113a dragway created across the isthmus of Corinth, later became a canal. Made trade easier, creating "wealthy Corinth"
Diolkos
114daughter city of Corinth ruled by Periander's son. The Corcyians killed his son so Periander castrates a bunch of little boys
Corcyra
115city state near Corinth dominated by the Orthagorid family
Sicyon
116tyrant of Sicyon. Forbade the performance of Homer, held a Grecco-Bachelorette for the hand of his daughter Agariste
Cleisthenes c. 600-570
117Isonomia
"equal law", nicer word for democracy
118"Pig men, swine men, ass men"
Cleisthenes renames the Dorian tribes
119Periodos Ges
book by Hecataeus, ethnography of the world. Had a bronze map
120Ure's Theory
totally inaccurate, believed tyrants appeared at the same time as coinage
121Pre-Dorian Theory
tyrannies arose because pre-Dorians wanted to assert themselves over Dorians. However, tyrannies existed where there were no Dorians
122tyrannies arose because pre-Dorians wanted to assert themselves over Dorians. However, tyrannies existed where there were no Dorians
Pre-Dorian Theory
123tyranny is a byproduct of aristocratic conflict
Factional Theory
124tyrants emerge to overturn aristocratic opposition to the citizenship of the Hoplies. These tyrants would draw large middle class support
Hoplite Theory
125an armed foot-soldier in Ancient Greece, participation required to gain citizenship. Because of the cost of gear (Hoplon), most hoplites were middle class
Hoplites
126Heodotus' Work
ethnographic work, overarching theme is that all of the nations were conquered by Persia (with the exception of the Greeks)
127Hoplan
a large shield carried by a Hoplite in battle. Their total gear weighed roughly 40-50 lbs
128Historia
"the inquiry", how Herodotus defines his work. "I will recount the great deeds of the Greeks and the Barbarians so they won't be forgotten; and the reasons why they fought"
129Great Rhetra
quotation from Plutarch. Oracle said that the Spartans should run the government with the people ("damos") having final authority. First state with popular sovereignty, elders can veto if the people make a "crooked" order
130Mimesis
history written with dialogue and vivid descriptions, as if the historian were there
131author of the "Politeia of the Spartans", exiled from Athens, pro-Spartan
Xenophon c. 430-360
132Greek living in the Roman empire, writes about Lycurugs (founder of Sparta)
Plutarch c. 120
133Pythioi
the Kings' ministers
134Gerousio
council of elders, 28 elected + 2 kings
135Ephors
5 elected magistrates, check on the kings
136Spartan warriors/citizens, voted and owned property
Homoi
137Spartans with full-citizenship, very difficult to acquire. Spartans didn't want to go to war often out of risk of losing Spartans, who were difficult to produce
Spartiates
138educational system. 0-7 they would live with their mother, then 7-18 would live with a Paidonomos (child instructor), at 18 they would become a cadet and at 20, a soldier
Agoge
139Spartan child instructor (in the agoge)
Paidonomos
140more agency than other women. Could own property, play, etc.
Spartan Women
141Laconisms
short and funny Spartan quips
142Helots
pre-Dorians en-serfed by the Dorians when they moved into the Pelopponese. Class between slaves and free-people
143Slave Revolts
were common in Greece, but Helot revolts were not
144free Dorians living in Lakonia under their own governments but subservient to Sparta
Perioikoi
145Messenia is conquered by the Spartans and turned into Helots farmland, brought wealth to Sparta
Messenian Wars c. 720-620
146Spartan poet and military general who best describes military practices
Tytraios
147The Peloponnesian League
"The Lakadminonians and their Allies", only major hold-out is Argos
148"The Lakadminonians and their Allies", only major hold-out is Argos
The Peloponnesian League
149Tegea
resisted and was ultimately forced to join the Peloponnesian League via bilateral treaty
150Argos
city-state of Dorians, eternal enemies to the Spartans, fight them every 30 years
151Constitution of the Athenians
attributed to Aristotle but written by "his grad student", gave some verses of Solon but overall sucked ass and has little historical value
152local historians in Attica, identities unknown
Atthigographers
153the obol coin (low value), drachma (day's wage), talent (a fortune)
Athenian Currency
154large territory acquired by Athens, likely through some sort of warfare
Attica
155exclusive group of families who chose which Archons were elected
Eupatridai
156Polemarch
the war archon, commander of the Athenian Army
157Archon Eponymous
controlled the calendar, each year would be named after him
159council of retired Archons who served for life. Acted as a court for homicide
Areopagus Council
160first event that can be dated. Borrowed an army from the state of Megara, but having a Dorian army on the acropolis was incredibly offensive and the Athenians rioted
Kylon's Attempt @ Tyranny c. 632
161the Alkemeonid Family is exiled for leading their enemies from the altar and then killing them
Aklemeonid Curse
162was not Archon Eponymous but had the ability to change the law, focused on homicide law
Drakon 621/0
163Solon 594/3
Archon Eponymous, main focus was Debt Laws. The Eupatrids hate him because he starts to level the economic/political plaing field
164Hektemoroi
indebted people in Athens, delivered 1/6 of their produce to their debtors
165Debt Slavery
you could offer your person as collateral on a loan
166Solon cancels debt and debt slavery becomes illegal. The hektemoroi can no longer use their personhood for loans
Seisachtheia
167writing down the law allows it to be accessible for everyone. Not incredibly radical considering the literacy rate
Codification of Law
168any law in Athens starts to be called Solon's Law
Solon's Law
169divided the agricultural society of Athens into four classes based on production
Property Classes
170Hippeis
'horse men', eligible to be Treasurers, 300-499 medimnos each year
171Zeugitai
yolk of oxen, plowman, eligible to be part of a council, 200-299 medimnos
172Thetes
laborers, could probably vote, under 200 medimnos
173100 citizens from each of the four tribes, only Zeugitai or above. Formed a council that determined the agendas for the assemblies
Boule of 400
174a council of common people in Chios
Demosie Boule c. 550
175he made a rule that his laws could not be changed for 10 years and then dipped. Anarchy ensued. Chaos settled by the tyranny of Peisistratos
Post-Solon
176Krypteia
Spartan secret police who dealt with Helots. Sparta rages war on Helots every year
177Spartan secret police who dealt with Helots. Sparta rages war on Helots every year
Krypteia
178tyrant that succeeded Solon, created prosperity in Athens by transforming the economy with loans, cash crops (olives), etc.
Peisistratos
179Lycurgus v. Megakles (Alkmeonid)
?????????????
180?????????????
Lycurgus v. Megakles (Alkmeonid)
181Megakles
Alkmeonid who marries Peisistratos' daughter and allies with him. This turns the Atheanian people off to Peis. because of the curse
182Alkmeonid who marries Peisistratos' daughter and allies with him. This turns the Atheanian people off to Peis. because of the curse
Megakles
183Phye as Athena
a staged performance where "Athena" rode into Athens in a chariot with peisistratos, putting him back in the good graces of the people
184Megakles throws out Peisistratos after a rumor spreads that he is preventing Megakles and his daughter from having children
Peisistratos' Second Tyranny
185the Athenians marched to Marathon to fight him but then he declared himself tyrants and they were like 'sure'. Ruled until death
Third Tyranny of Peisistratos c. 546-528/7
186The Era of the Peisistratids
well liked because they left laws in place and there was stability
187well liked because they left laws in place and there was stability
The Era of the Peisistratids
188Archonship of Hippias, son of Peisistratos
526/5
189524/3
Archonship of Miliades, general from the Battle of Marathon
190522/1
Peisistratos Jr., grandson of Peisistratos
191a "franchise" colony set up by the Peisistratids to expand their empire/tyrannies
Chersonese
192Athens was a C-tier city and under Peisistratos they intended to level up: building, making Athens the center of Homeric Poetry. Trying to rise to the same level as Corinth, Sparta, etc.
Make Athens Great Again
193Hippias & Hipparchos
sons of Peisistratos, with Hippias as tyrant
194sons of Peisistratos, with Hippias as tyrant
Hippias & Hipparchos
195murdered by lovers Hamodios & Aristogeiton. As a result of his brother's murder, Hippias drive out many aristocratic families. The only point in antiquity where a tyrant is looked on as a bad thing
Hipparchos Assassinated c. 514
196annually, Athenians went into a procession to the acropolis to present offerings and sacrifice things to Athena. Big deal culturally
Panathenaic Festival
197Alkmeonids at Delphu c. 511/10
they rebuild the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, in return the oracle tells the Spartans that they need to "Free the Athenians"
198Isagoros v. Kleisthenes (grandson of OG)
they duke it out for the Archonship
199Isagoros Archonship
c. 508/7
200while he is not Archon, he manages to establish reforms through the assembly. Considered a champion of the people by allowing access to citizenship
Kleisthenes Legislation c. 507
201Kleisthenes creates ten new tribes to split up the pockets of power created geographically by the original 4 Ionian tribes
10 New Tribes
202Demes
small villages, each a part of one of the three "trittyes"
203small villages, each a part of one of the three "trittyes"
Demes
204the 3 districts of Attica under Kleisthenes. City, interior, coast. Each of the ten tribes have 1/3 of each district. Meant to divide pockets of power created by tribes.
Trittyes
205Bouleutai
members of the council (boule of 500)
206Prytany
if a tribe was in prytany, they were serving as the Boule of 500 for their 1/10th of the year
207Spartans try to overthrow Kleisthenes c. 507
the Spartans see Kleisthenes as a Tyrant and under Kleomenes they march on Athens. They throw out the cursed family (including Kleisthenes) but can't dismantle the Boule of 500, so as soon as the Spartans leave Kleisthenes comes back
208Spartan King who tried to end the tyranny of Kleisthenes
Kleomenes c. 507
209the Kleisthenes govt. give earth and water to the Persian King for allyship --> the Athenians see this as a disgrace and are outraged. Kleisthenes disappears from history
Earth + Water c. 507/6
210men in the council must swear against tyranny each year
Bouletic Oath c. 502/1
211board of 10 generals, 1 elected from each tribe. Most important political council
Strategia c. 501/0
212Ostracism c. 488
each year Athenians voted on it they wanted to exile someone for 10 years. Initial ostracisms were relatives of Peisistratos/Alkmeonids
213Ostraka
broken pieces of pottery used as voting ballots
214Demokratia
Athenian democracy, almost derogatory term
215"equal law", nicer word for democracy
Isonomia
217early historical author who wrote The Genealogy and Periodos Ges. Inspiration for Heodotus
Hecataeus of Mileos c. 490
218book by Hecataeus, about relationships of the Gods
The Genealogy
219Herodotus c. 488-415
author of historical prose. Focus on ethnography, wanted to one-up Hecataeus. Contemporary of Thucydides. Focus on "the fantastic" or the studies of te outlandish, which at first appeared to be mythical but were later proven to be true
220Thucydides
author of historical prose, referenced the Gods in his historical work. Contemporary of Herodotus
221Ionic Dialect
the dialetic in which prose is written, regardless of the author's region
222southern Italian town where Herodotus once lived
Thurrii c. 444/3
223a parody plan by Aristophenes, references (and therefore dates) Herodotus
Birds c. 414/5
224Dorian city on the western coast of Asia Minor, where Herodotus was likely born.
Halicarnassus
225intellectuals from Miletos who wrote prose about "what the world was made of"
Ionian Scientists
226Dogma
a set of "incontrovertibly true" principles. Greeks had only myths and stories, no dogma
227Humanism
belief that humans can answer existential questions (without aid of gods)
228Miletos
a city state in Asia Minor known for its Ionian Scientists and intellectuals
229ethnographic work, overarching theme is that all of the nations were conquered by Persia (with the exception of the Greeks)
Heodotus' Work
230Herodotus is accused of loving barbarians via sympathetic portrayal of the Persians
Philo Barbados
231genre of ethnography on Persians
Ta Persika
232work by Herodotus, humanizing the Persians
Aeschylus Persai
233Kroisos of Lydia c. 550
where Herodotus begins in his writing
234where Herodotus begins in his writing
Kroisos of Lydia c. 550
235Herodotus Style
separates myth from the human world, whereas Thucydides uses the Gods
236Running Narrative with Cause
Homer is the major inspiration for Herodotus
237history written with dialogue and vivid descriptions, as if the historian were there
Mimesis
238tangents in literature
Digressions
239Herodotus believed that those who girlboss'd too close to the sun would be struck down by the Gods
Hybris