1Cellular respiration
The process organisms use to convert food to energy (a type of energy that cells can use).
2The goal of cellular respiration
To make ATP.
3Cellular respiration general formula
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP.
4A.T.P.
Adenosine Triphosphate.
5Aerobic
Requiring free oxygen.
6Anaerobic
Absence of free oxygen.
7Glycolysis general formula
Glucose (6C) → 2 pyruvate (3C) + 2 ATP + 2 NADH.
8Glycolysis is always located ___.
in the cytoplasm.
9Glycolysis: aerobic or anaerobic
Anaerobic.
10Intermediate step: aerobic or anaerobic
Aerobic.
11The intermediate step is located ___.
in the matrix of the mitochondria.
12Intermediate step general formula
2 pyruvate (3C) → 2 acetyl CoA (2C) + 2 CO₂.
13Krebs cycle: aerobic or anaerobic
Aerobic.
14Krebs cycle is the same as ___
Citric acid cycle.
15Krebs cycle general formula
2 acetyl CoA → 6 NADH + 2 FADH₂ + 2 ATP.
16The Krebs cycle is located ___
in the matrix of the mitochondria.
17Oxidative phosphorylation: aerobic or anaerobic
Aerobic.
18Oxidative phosphorylation occurs ___
across the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
19Oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH₂ donate electrons to electron carriers and protons move to the intermembrane space creating a proton gradient that powers ATP synthase through chemiosmosis.
20Examples of aerobic respiration (with oxygen)
Glycolysis, intermediate step, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
21Aerobic respiration has a net of ___
30+ ATP per glucose molecule.
22Examples of anaerobic respiration (without oxygen)
Glycolysis and fermentation.
23Anaerobic respiration makes ___
Very little ATP per glucose molecule (2 net ATP).
24Examples of fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation.
25Fermentation happens because...
There is no way to replenish NAD⁺ after glycolysis makes NADH; NAD⁺ regeneration produces ethanol or lactate.
26NAD⁺ is replenished during ___
oxidative phosphorylation.
27If there is oxygen, ___ will be the main source of ATP production.
Oxidative phosphorylation.
28NADH and FADH₂ are produced during ___.
The citric acid cycle.
29Pyruvate ___ enter the citric acid cycle.
Cannot.
30Before the citric acid cycle can begin, one ___ must happen.
Intermediate step.
31The intermediate step ends with ___.
Acetyl CoA.
32___ acetyl CoA are produced per ___ molecule.
2, glucose.
33The citric acid cycle produces ___
6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, and 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
34Malonate acts as a ___
Competitive inhibitor.
35Succinate dehydrogenase ___
Turns succinate into fumarate; two hydrogens are transferred to FAD, forming FADH₂ and oxidizing succinate.
36Each step of the citric acid cycle is catalyzed by an ___
Enzyme.
37E.T.C.
Electron transport chain.
38The ETC builds up the ___
Hydrogen (proton) gradient.
39The movement of H⁺ through ___ powers the formation of ATP from ADP + Pi.
ATP synthase.
40Photosynthesis
Solar light energy is trapped by chloroplasts and stored in the chemical bonds of sugar.
41Photosynthesis general formula
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → Glucose + 6O₂.
43Photoautotrophs
Plants, algae, and some prokaryotic cells.
46CO₂ through ___
Stomata.
47Light through ___
Chloroplasts.
48Pigments involved in photosynthesis
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids; other pigments are stored in vacuoles.
49Photosynthesis can be separated into ___
Light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
50Calvin cycle
Light-independent reaction that occurs in the stroma.
51Stroma
The fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast that surrounds the thylakoids.
52Electromagnetic spectrum
In order of increasing energy: radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma ray.
53The visible light spectrum
740 (infrared) to 380 (ultraviolet).
54For oxidative phosphorylation to happen, ___ and ___ need to be produced.
NADH and FADH₂.
55NADH and FADH₂ are primarily produced during the ___
Krebs cycle.
56Glycolysis ends with ___ pyruvate molecules.
2.
57Pyruvate cannot enter the citric acid cycle, so one ___ must happen first.
Intermediate reaction.
58The intermediate reaction ends with ___ (2 ___ per glucose molecule).
Acetyl CoA.
59What does DPIP act as in biochemical reactions?
DPIP acts as the final electron acceptor in place of oxygen.
60What color change indicates the reduction of DPIP?
DPIP changes from blue to colorless as it is reduced.
61How is the color change of DPIP measured?
The color change is measured by a spectrophotometer.
62What is DPIP used to measure?
DPIP is used to measure the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH).
63In which metabolic pathways is succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) involved?
SDH is an enzyme of the citric acid cycle and mitochondrial electron transport chain.
64How do scientists use DPIP in experiments?
Scientists use DPIP to visually track electron transfer and quantify enzyme function.
66Lima bean juice
Source of succinate dehydrogenase (enzyme).
67Malonate
Competitive inhibitor.
68Each step of the citric acid cycle is ___
Catalyzed by an enzyme.
69Succinate dehydrogenase turns ___ into ___
Succinate, fumarate.
70What type of inhibitor is malonate?
Malonate is a competitive inhibitor.
71What enzyme does malonate inhibit?
Malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase.
72Why does malonate act as a competitive inhibitor?
Malonate’s structure is very similar to succinate.
73What happens to the cycle when there is too much malonate?
The cycle slows down.
74Glycolysis occurs in the ___
Cytoplasm.
75Pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation ___
Occur in the mitochondria.
76Pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle happen in the ___
Mitochondrial matrix.
77Oxidative phosphorylation takes place on the ___
Inner mitochondrial membrane.
78The ETC occurs across the ___
Inner mitochondrial membrane.
79The movement of H⁺ through ___ powers ATP formation from ADP + Pi.
ATP synthase.
80ETC and proton gradient
The electron transport chain pumps protons (H⁺) into the intermembrane space, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
81Tetrazolium (poisonous)
Turns red when reduced by the electron transport chain.
82Chlorophyll are located in the ___ of grana.
Thylakoid membrane.
83Carotenoids
Yellow, orange, and red pigments.
84Stroma
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane.
85Granum
Stack of thylakoids.
86Light-dependent reactions
Use light and water with NADP⁺ and ADP + Pi to produce O₂, ATP, and NADPH.
87Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
Use CO₂, ATP, and NADPH to produce sugars.
88The Calvin cycle occurs ___
In the stroma of chloroplasts.
89Which color absorbseflects which wavelength?
A green leaf reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light.
90Which color has a longer wavelength — violet or red?
Red.
91Which one has a higher energy — violet or red?
Violet.