Anatomy Unit 8: Endocrine System

The system of glands in your body that releases hormones into the bloodstream (into the body)

Out of the body

Hormones are chemicals released from a gland in small amounts and are carried through the bloodstream. They only affect cells with receptors

The cells that hormones are trying to change

Glands are encouraged by hormones secreted by other hormones

Levels of nutrients and ions in the blood cause glands to secrete hormones

Nerve impulses cause glands to secrete hormones

A loop that decreases output to move back to homeostasis

A loop that causes the body to move away from homeostasis

Too much hormone is released

Not enough hormone is released

Outer layer of adrenal gland, produces Glucocortocoids, which raise ion levels and regulate stress response

Inner layer of adrenal gland, produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which regulate fight or flight response

Amino acids that can't pass through the cell membrane so binds to receptors on outside of cell

Steroids which can pass directly through the cell membrane whose receptors are on the inside of the cell

Groups of cells on endocrine part of pancreas which produce insulin and glucagon

Front lobe on underside of brain, makes thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, prolactin, and gonadotropins

Posterior bulb on underside of brain, produces antidiueretic ormone vasopressin) and oxytocin

Coned-shaped gland near the cerebellum that produces melatonin

Gland near base of neck in a butterfly shape. Produced calcitonin (reduces ca levels). Produces thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triidothyronine) which regulate metabolism

Attatched to back of thyroid gland and produced parathyroid hormone, which raises calcium levels

Glands atop each kidney. Has an outer and inner later. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight or flight) and glicorortocoids (ion levels)

Has endocrine and exocrine ducts. Endocrine part made of islets of Langerhans which make insulin and glucagon to lower or raise blood sugar

A gland near the sternum that matures immune cells (especially T-cells)

Male reproductive organs that make testostorone. Produces sex cells and sex hormones

Female reproductive organs that makes estrogen and progesterone. Produces sex xells and sex hormones

Secreted by anterior pituitary, makes thyroid make thyroxine

Secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates adrenal glands (cortisol)

Secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates growth in bones and muscles

From anterior pituitary, stimulated melanocytes to make melanin

From anterior pituitary, stimulates production of breast milk

From posterior pituitary, increases water retention in kidneys, decreasing urine production

From anterior putuitary, a gonadotropin that stimulates the release of sex hormones

From anterior pituitarym a gonadotropin that stimulates egg or sperm production

From posterior pituitary Contracts the uterus in childbirth and promotes the release of breast milk

From pineal gland, promotes sleep

From thyroid gland, reduces calcium levels in blood

A thyroid hormone from the thyroid, regulates metabolism

From parathyroid gland, raises calcium levels

From adrenal gland and medilla, regulates fight or flight

From adrenal gland (medulla) regulates fight or flight

From adrenal gland (cortex) controls ion levels

From pancreas beta cells, lower blood sugar levels

From pancreas alpha cells, raise blood sugar levels

From thymus gland, is involved in development of the immune system

(Women) From gonads, maturation of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

(Women) From gonads, responsible for breast development and menstral cycle

(Men) From gonads, reproductive, secondary sex organs, production of sperm

Negative feedback loops try to maintain the body's homeostasis, while positive work to push it further from homeostasis. Example of negative: Ca levels in blood drop, PTH stimulates calcium release from bones, Ca levels rise, and calcitonin stimulates Ca absorption in bones. Example of pos: baby puts project on cervix > contraction begins > oxytocin is released > baby is born

Exocrine glands secrete substances into ducts, endocrine secrete substances into bloodstream. Pancreas has endocrine and exocrine glands

Because they only affect the cells which have receptors for them