Anatomy Unit 11: Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tracts which includes the main parts of the digestive system--mouth, pharynx, esophogus, stomach, intestines

Eating

Movement of food

Breaking down food and taking in nutrients

Elimination of waste

The most superficial layer of the alimentary canal, is a membrane that secretes a slippery, watery fluid that reduces friction

The 2nd most superficial layer of the alimentary canal that heads in 2 directions: the circular layer & the longitudinal layer

The 2nd deepest layer of the alimentary canal that contains glands, nerve fibers, and blood vessels

Deepest layer of the alimentary canal w/ 3 functions: 1. secreting mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones 2. absorbing nutrients 3. protection from pathogens

The physical tearing apart and grinding of food

Chemicals altering food as it travels through the canal

Swallowing

The tongue forcing the bolus back into the pharynx to be swallowed

2nd phase of swallowing when the uvula blocks tha nasal cavity and the epiglottis the airways and the food travels down to the esophagus

Chewing

The lump of food created after mastication and saliva

The process of waves of muscle propelling the bolus downward, controlled by the PNS

A muscular sac with thick walls and 4 regions that continues the process of mechanical and chemical digestion

1st region of the stomach (entrance)

2nd region of the stomach (top pocket)

3rd region of stomach (main area)

4th region of stomach (exit

Thick rings of muscle that control when food enters and leaves. Food enters through cardiac sphincter, leaves through pyloric sphincter

Churning of food in the stomach

The folds in the mucosa of the stomach when stretch when the stomach is full

Cells in the stomach which secrete mucus to protect the lining

Cells in the stomach which secrete pepsinogen

An enzyme secreted by chief cells in the stomach in an inactive form, but made into the enzyme pepsin by HCL which breaks down proteins

Cells in the stomach which secrete HCL to kill microbes and turns pepsinogen into pepsin

The soupy group of gastric juices and food in the stomach

About 10 ft long, absorbs nutrients and digests. About 10 ft long. Comes after stomach but before large intestine. Lines with villi and microvilli to maximize surface area

1st section of the small intestine

2nd section of the small intestine

3rd section of the small intestine

Where the small intestine joins the large intestine

Small finger-like protusions that maxminize the surface area of a cell

The muscles in the small intestine break chyme into groups to slow it and give the intestine time to absord

The process of waves of muscle in the esophagus propelling the bolus downwards

Absorbs water and removes waste, has 3 major sections

The pouch in large intestine that holds gut bacteria and has lymph tissue

The first part of the large intestine

The middle of the large intestine: ascending, transverse, and descending

Collects and stores undigested waste and bacteria

Internal anal sphincter relaxes as the rectum is filled. The external anal sphincter needs to be conciously controlled

Releases feces

Teeth for cutting food

Teeth for tearing and piercing food

Teeth for crushing food

Teeth for grinding food

Baby teeth

Teeth that come in after baby teeth

Glands in mouth that secrete saliva

The largest internal organ with 2 major lobes. It removes bacteria and old red blood cells, detoxyfies blood, etc. It secretes bile and is sent to the gallbladder

A substance produced by the liver and breaks down fat

A small green sac attatched to the liver while stores bile before sending it to the small intestine

Organ that produces insulin and glyogen, as well as digestive enzymes (lipase, protease and amylase), and sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid

Enzyme produces by the liver which breaks down fat with bile

Enzyme produced by the liver which breaks down proteins

Enzyme which breaks down starches into sugars

The chemical reactions that sustain life - catabolism and anabolism

The metabolic process which breaks down molecules while releasing ATP

The metabolic formation of molecules using energy

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water. What the body needs more of.

Vitamins and minerals. What the body needs less of.

Macromolecule, ugar, the main sources of energy. Broken down by salivary amylase in the mouth and pancreatic amylase in the small intestine

The macromolecule that makes up most structures. Broken down by pepsin in the stomach and pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine

Macromolecule, fat which is the secondary source of energy. Broken down by bile salts in the liver and pancreatic lipase in the small intestine

Very useful MVP. Used for chemical reactions, dissolving food, maintiaining pH, etc. Need 1 Ltr/day

Organic molecules needed in small amounts, broken down by heat, air, or acid

Inorganic molecules needed in small amounts

1. Has 3 layers of dedicated muscle 2. Rythmic constractions that force it to move around

They are both parts of metabolism: catabolism breaks down molecues, and anabolism builds using those broken down molecules

Amylase is an enzyme which breaks down starches and turns them into sugars. It is produced by the pancreas and works in the small intestine,

It's a relatively straight shot through the body, made for maximum absorbtion

In the cardiovascular system, each heme in a hemoglobin needs 1 iron atom to enable it to carry an oxygen molecule