Anatomy Unit 2: Cellular Structure & Function

Single-celled organisms/single cells, no nucleus nor membrane

Have larger and more complex cells than prokaryotes, with DNA, membranes, and largest are .1mm to 1mm

Make up membrane–hydrophilic phosphate head, pydrophobid fatty acid tail

Because their volume grows faster than their surface area, which means that they cannot consume or excrete enough to keep up, so they divide instead

Only some materials can pass through it. The bilayer means that hydrophillic molecules have to go through specific protein channels if they want to get in, whereas hydrophobic don't.

Hydrophobic molecule that in embeded in the inner layer of the membrane/lipid bilyaer, increases mebrane stability.

Sugar covering, "cellular fingerprint". Identifies cells as being native to your body, made out of carbohydrates.

Defense, storage, motor, sensory, regulatory, enzymes, structural, signaling, transport.
(Dying Squirrels Might See Rather Enigmatic Santas Subsequent To (death))

A junction around a cell made of proteins to prevent fluids and molecules from moving between cells (bladder, intestines).

Strong cell adhesion made of proteins that reduces possibility of tearing and provides stability, in areas with high movement and tension

Allows for small molecules to pass through for communications w/ rest of body (heart)

Increase rate of chemical reactions

Passive transport does not require energy (ATP); active does because it is moving against the concentration gradient

Movement from areas with areas with high concentrations of solutes to low concentration

Diffusion of water

A solution with the same concentration as cytoplasm, has no net effect

A solution with a lower concentration than cytoplasm

A solution with higher concentration than cytoplasm

Type of passive diffusion that happens w/transmembrane proteins, used for specific proteins like glucose

Membranous sacs used to move large amounts of material

Imports of vesicular transport

Exports to vesicular transport

Fluid that contains all nutrients, ions, and proteins in cell, fluid that all organelles are in

"Cell eating" engulfing of cells or food (ex. white blood cells and bacteria)

Protein filaments that provide structure to cell

A cytoskeleton structure in some cells, finger-like projections made to increase surface area. For cells with a lot of material to imprt, like intestines

Cylindrical structure of cytoskeletal structures. Moves chromosomes.

Long, slender extensions of plasma membrane

Longer than cilia, found in humans only in sperm cells

Produce all proteins, either floating freely or attatched to Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes, produces lipids and carbohydrates. Network of membranes connected to nucleus' membrane.

Endoplasmic reticulum that has ribsosomes permenantly attatched to it, which it then packages to the Golgi. Network of membranes connected to nucleus' membrane.

Made of several flattened discs, and makes vesicles. (Post office of the cell)

Secretory, lysosomes, peroxisomes

Type of vesicle that packagesormones or enzymes to be released (or...secreted...) outside the cell

Type of vesicle that has digestive enzymes to break down ingested materials or old organelles

Type of vesicle that breaks down fatty acids (aka lipids), which releases hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is a free radical (it has an unpaired electron) so it damages other cells, but peroxisomes also contain catalase to break down hydrogen peroxide.

Makes ATP by extracting it from glucose via aerobic respiration

Double-layer membrane around nucleus

Part in nucleus that makes ribosomes

Chromatin (loose coils) and chromosomes (tightly coiled)

Proteins that go all the way through lipid bilayer (although some only come through one side) to transport things in and out of cells

Attatched to inside or outside of lipid bilayer

Composes most of plasma membrane--2 layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails in the middle and hydrophilic heads, so only hydrophobic molecules can get through easily

Basically a little organ, or the organs inside the cell.

Cancer cells don't respond regularly to the body's control mechanisms (they have an irregular shape, form tumors, and ESPECIALLY they keep dividing when they don't need to.

How non-reproductive cells divide

1. Nucleus (has the instructions for proteins, send out via rDNA) 2. Rough ER (protein is made by the ribosomes, sent out in vesicle) 3. Golgi (packed, tagged, and shipped out still in vesicle) 4. Exocytosis (kinda membrane) (protein is sent into the larger organism.