1How does the DSM-5-TR define a substance?
"A chemical that alters a person’s mood or behavior when it is smoked, injected, drunk, inhaled, snorted, or swallowed."
2What is a substance use disorder (SUD)?
"A cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating continued substance use despite significant related problems."
3Why do the authors of the DSM-5-TR prefer the term 'substance use disorder' over 'addiction'?
It is more precise and carries fewer negative connotations.
4How is 'impaired control' characterized in substance use disorders?
The inability to cut down or regulate use despite unsuccessful attempts to do so.
5What is 'social impairment' in the context of substance use disorders?
"Negative effects such as neglecting work/home obligations, financial problems, or interpersonal issues due to use."
6Definition: Tolerance
Requiring larger amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect or feeling diminished effects with the same amount.
7What is withdrawal?
The physiological and psychological changes that occur when an individual stops taking a substance.
8Term: Substance-induced disorders
Disorders marked by the development of a specific syndrome due to the recent ingestion of a substance.
9What is substance intoxication?
The temporary maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes due to the accumulation of a substance in the body.
10"In 2021, what percentage of Americans aged 12 and older used illicit drugs in the past year?
21.9 percent (61.2 million people).
11Which substance is identified as the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States?
Marijuana
12Illicit drug use rates generally peak in which age group?
18–25 years old (at 38 percent).
13What is the 'generational forgetting' process?
A phenomenon where a new generation adopts drug habits that had previously faded in popularity.
14Most drugs of abuse target the brain's reward center by flooding its circuits with which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
15How does the release of dopamine from drugs of abuse compare to natural rewards?
Drugs release far more dopamine and the effects last much longer.
16"In response to repeated dopamine surges from drug use, brain pathways undergo _____.
Down regulation
17Why are individuals with existing psychological disorders more likely to abuse substances?
"They may share similar risk factors, use substances to self-medicate, or develop disorders as a result of substance use."
18Which specific demographic of former service members is at a higher risk for substance use issues?
Individuals leaving military services.
19How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect the risk for substance use disorders?
"It increased the risk, particularly for people living within marginalized communities."
20Alcohol accounts for what percentage of all deaths among men globally?
6 to 8 percent.
21Alcohol accounts for what percentage of all deaths among women globally?
2 percent.
22Binge alcohol use for men is defined as consuming _____ or more drinks on the same occasion
Five
23Binge alcohol use for women is defined as consuming _____ or more drinks on the same occasion
Four
24What is the definition of heavy alcohol use?
Binge drinking on 5 or more days in the past month.
25Alcohol is classified as a _____, a substance that causes depression of central nervous system activity
Depressant
26Definition: Potentiation
The combination of two or more psychoactive substances such that the total effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects.
27"Besides the amount consumed, list one factor that influences the rate of alcohol absorption into the bloodstream
The presence of food in the digestive system (or the drinker's metabolic rate).
28What is Wernicke’s disease?
A reversible form of neurocognitive disorder associated with long-term alcohol use.
29Which permanent neurocognitive disorder is characterized by the inability to remember recent events or learn new information?
Korsakoff’s syndrome
30"Individuals with Korsakoff’s syndrome often experience _____ amnesia, the inability to remember past events.
Retrograde
31
"Individuals with Korsakoff’s syndrome often experience _____ amnesia, the inability to remember new information.
Anterograde
32What is the primary purpose of the AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test)?
To measure the effectiveness of treatment and screen for alcohol use disorders in research and practice.
33How does the medication Naltrexone assist in treating alcohol use disorder?
It is an opioid receptor antagonist that blocks the effects of alcohol-induced opioids.
34Which medication causes severe physical reactions when combined with alcohol by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)?
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
35What is the biological mechanism of the drug Acamprosate in treating alcohol use disorder?
It moderates glutamate receptors.
36What does dual-process theory propose regarding the impulse to drink?
"There are automatic processes generating the impulse and controlled, effortful processes that regulate it."
37"According to alcohol expectancy theory, what guides alcohol consumption?"
,The individual's expectations about what will happen as a result of drinking.
38Alcohol myopia theory suggests that intoxicated individuals make risky choices because _____
Immediate temptations overcome the consideration of long-term consequences.
39What is the focus of relapse prevention in psychological treatment for alcohol use?
Encouraging individuals not to view single lapses as total failures.
40How does 'Americanization' or acculturation influence alcohol use patterns?
It leads individuals to adopt the alcohol use patterns of their peers in the new culture.
41What is an amphetamine?
A stimulant that affects both the central and autonomic nervous systems.
42How does methamphetamine differ from amphetamine?
It is related to amphetamine but provokes more intense central nervous system effects.
43Which two common prescription medications for ADHD are stimulants often illegally obtained by teenagers?
Adderall and Ritalin.
44Long-term methamphetamine use causes the 'greatest loss' of brain tissue in which two areas?
The limbic system and the hippocampus.
45How is cocaine typically administered?
"It is snorted, injected, or smoked."
46What specific area of the midbrain is targeted by cocaine to stimulate dopamine receptors?
The ventral tegmental area (VTA).
47"Cocaine blocks the _____ _____, leading to an exaggerated increase in dopamine and altered communication.
Dopamine transporter
48What is the primary active ingredient in marijuana?
Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
49Which cannabis derivative contains a more concentrated form of THC from the resins of the plant's flower?
Hashish
50Where are cannabinoid receptors found in the highest density in the brain?
"Areas responsible for memory, thinking, concentration, time perception, and coordinated movement."
51Term: Hallucinogens
Psychoactive substances that cause abnormal perceptual experiences, usually visual illusions or hallucinations
52What is the primary hallucinogenic ingredient in the peyote cactus?
Mescaline
53Phencyclidine (PCP) was originally developed for what medical use?
As an intravenous anesthetic.
54Which hallucinogen is chemically similar to both methamphetamine and mescaline?
MDMA (Ecstasy)
55How does Ecstasy (MDMA) affect serotonergic neurons?
"It attaches to the serotonin transporter, causing an excessive release of serotonin."
56What is the primary medical function of opioids?
To relieve pain.
57Define the 'opioid crisis'
The rise in the number of individuals addicted to prescription painkillers, resulting in widespread deaths
58Which opioid is synthesized from morphine and is associated with serious health consequences like fatal overdoses and cardiovascular damage?
Heroin
59"In 2021, approximately how many people aged 12 or older in the US misused opioids?"
,9.2 million people.
60
Term: Anxiolytic
,A medication used specifically to treat anxiety.
61
List one example of a nonbenzodiazepine sleep medication.,"
Zolpidem (Ambien), Eszopiclone (Lunesta), or Zaleplon (Sonata)."
62Caffeine use may lead to an increase in the body's production of which stress hormone?
Cortisol
63What are the common symptoms of caffeine withdrawal?
"Headache, fatigue, dysphoric mood, difficulty concentrating, and muscle aches."
64Nicotine stimulates the release of which neurotransmitter?
Adrenaline (norepinephrine).
65What group is most likely to engage in vaping and be attracted to flavored e-cigarettes?
Teens and young adults.
66Which age group is most likely to be users of inhalants?
Adolescents
67Name one of the four categories of inhalants.
Volatile solvents, aerosols, gases, or nitrites.
68Why do inhalant users often inhale repeatedly over several hours?
The effects of inhalants tend to be very short-lived.
69How does Methadone assist in treating heroin addiction?
It is a synthetic opioid that produces a safer and more controlled reaction than heroin.
70What were the first FDA-approved pharmacological treatments for tobacco addiction?
Nicotine replacement therapies (NaRTs).
71Which psychological treatment is now considered a crucial component for successful substance disorder outcomes?
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
72Why is gambling disorder included in the same category as substance use disorders?
"It shows many of the same behaviors, including cravings, tolerance-like needs, and negative social consequences."
73What is the rate of nicotine dependence among people with gambling disorder?
60 percent.
74Which gambling subtype is characterized by pre-existing impulsivity and antisocial traits?
The pathological gambling subtype.
75Where are the criteria for Internet-gaming disorder currently located in the DSM-5-TR?
In Section III as a disorder requiring further study.
76What does the biopsychosocial model suggest is the most promising approach for overcoming substance disorders?
Integrated approaches that combine medical treatment with psychotherapy.
77Taking a substance in larger amounts or for a longer time than intended is a feature of _____.
Loss of control
78"According to the biopsychosocial perspective, what role do sociocultural factors play in substance disorders?"
They play a strong role in maintaining dependence.
79List two demographic risk factors for developing a gambling disorder
Being male, having low income, or having South Asian/Middle Eastern heritage
80According to the Pathways model of gambling, what characterizes the 'emotionally vulnerable' subtype?
Pre-existing depression, anxiety, or trauma that the individual uses gambling to ease.