human emotions exam 1

yes. it can be held in abeyance or inhibited until suppression is lifted or the appropriate moment for execution arrives

a readiness to execute a given kind of action, defined by the end result it aims to achieve

no. also applies to instrumental actions (crying mama!) and mental actions (thinking)

they share a sense of establishing, maintaining, or disrupting a relationship with the environment (seeking protection)

emotions are modes of relational action readiness, either as tendencies to establish, maintain, or disrupt a relationship or as the lack of such readiness

activation modes where action readiness or relational tendency is absent, such as apathy, disinterest, or confusion

different action readiness or activation modes correspond to different emotions (anger is the urge to attack)

they are emotions that can be factually defined by distinct elementary forms of action readiness

happiness, surprise, anger, fear, sadness, and disgust

often defined by their intentional object (the specific story or event) rather than a unique mode of action readiness

no. emotions like wrath, jealousy, and nostalgia do not have unique characteristic facial expressions

no. while they involve goal-directedness, action tendencies are felt as urgent impulses or urges rather than planned intentions

the specific kind of readiness at a given moment, such as the set of behaviors for fear, anger, or joy

a discrepancy or mismatch between a person's actual situation and their desired situation

a decrease in the mismatch that initiated the program

control precedence

emotional impulses have the character of urgent demands that clamor for attention, tend to persist despite interruptions, and can take over information-processing facilities

specific action programs are linked to mismatches in a reflex-like way (innate/stimulus response). and mismatch signals are highly persistent and loud to the system

the system monitors whether an action can be expected to succeed based on resources and the current situation

intentions represent a future state to be achieved while action tendencies are elicited by the current situation and aim to achieving a state now

it is the feature that make an emotion feel involuntary and urgent, derived from the unbearableness of sufferings and the irresistibility of attractions

when action programs are fixed and rigid (like a simple reflex) it is most meaningful when the program is flexible and allows for alternative course of action

tendency: agnostic (attack/threat) function: regaining control or removing an obstruction

tendency: avoidance function: protection and achieving inaccessibility

tendency: rejecting (closing) function: protection by removing object

tendency: free activation function: generalized readiness

a state where activation is aimed at achieving the end state of a specific action tendency (emotion: effort)

deactivation is linked to sorrow, while inactivity is linked to contentment

the absence of a response caution, often linked to anxiety

the extent of release of potential energy stored in the body's tissues for activity or response

they are often used interchangeably to represent one dimension of variation in emotional intensity

when emotional readiness spreads over the entire organism correlating behavior scope with physiological arousal

its functions often don't appear to reside in dealing with the event that elicited it. Instead the success of a situation sets the relational activity free

emotion can be defined as change in activation. Activation is the umph or amplifier of a behavior system

wanting involves craving or seeking something while liking is related to the pleasurable feeling of the reward

behavior that aims at the achievement of desired changes or maintaining desired state in the environment (e.g. flight or fight)

instrumental activity produces relational change by effectively changing the world (objectively or subjectively), whereas expression is often seen as useless in terms of direct physical change

actions that fulfill an action tendency in a non-physical way (EX: mental running away (avoiding thinking of something) or belittling someone to regain control)

what you emotion is about (emotion: anger object: person who stole your food)

general state of your brain and body being prepared to react to something

the specific urges created by action readiness. end goal to reach

internal brake system that stops from acting on every impulse (anxiety has to absence of this leaving you feeling inhibited)

emotional impulses take over (Ex: you're doing homework ---> fire alarm goes off --> emotion: fear ---> fear has control precedence ---> interrupts homework and forces to deal with fire)

intrapersonal means inside one person (thoughts) interpersonal mean between people (relationships)

cortical refers to the cerebral cortex; subcortical refers to the deeper, older parts of the brain

a psychological state that relates an event (in the world or mind) to a personal concern or goal (something personally important)

gives one specific goal priority and urgency over others (fear makes getting to safety more important than a snack)

they are logically rational because they help deal with social situations like safety or fairness

they are remnants of habits that were useful in our evolutionary past, like sneering being left over from snarling

the theory that the feeling of bodily changes (heart beating, sweating) IS the emotion

argued that adult emotional life is strongly influenced by childhood relationships with caregivers

emotions depend on our beliefs and evaluations. we feel anger because be believe we have been slighted

clarification - viewing a play helps clear away obstacles to understanding our own emotions

stoics believed we should get rid of most desires and focus on reason; epicureans believed we should pursue simple pleasures like friendship

he identified six: wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, and sadness occur in the soul (conscious self) but connect to the body

as a compass that helps us navigate life and extend our sympathy to others

damage to the frontal lobes disrupts the ability to use emotions to make appropriate social judgements

empathy (feeling what others feel) activates the anterior insula; compassion (wanting to help) activates older regions like the periaqueductal gray

that positive emotions (like being happy) make people more likely to help other people think more creatively

the work of constructing specific emotions in yourself (like a flight attendant's smile) to influence the emotions of others

surface acting is faking an expression and leads to exhaustion ; deep acting is trying to actually feel the required emotion and is more successful

seconds to hours

a state that last for hours, days, or weeks, and is often objectless (doesn't need a motivation to feel that way)

long lasting emotional tendencies like shyness or warmth that can last a lifetime

anyway you communicate without using words

the act of sending a message (making a face)

the act of interpreting a message (looking at someone and knowing they're sad)

the music of speech. the tone rhythm, and pitch, rather than the words themselves

anything related to the sense of touch

gestures that translate directly into words like a thumbs up or peace sign. meanings change between cultures

hand or facial gestures that happen during speech to make it more vivid, like talking with your hands to show how big something was (peeeenis)

nonverbal cues used to manage a conversation like nodding your head to tell someone to keep talking or looking away to show you're done

nervous behaviors like jiggling your leg or biting your lip. They don't have a clear goal and often make people think you're lying

patterns in the face, voice, and body that specifically tell others how you feel

just a few seconds (1-10). Fake smiles often last much longer or are very brief

real expressions involve muscles most people can't move on purpose like the muscle that tightens around the mouth in anger

a genuine smile that involves both the mouth muscles and the orbicularis oculi (the muscles that makes crows feet around the eyes)

the idea that expressions are leftovers from useful behaviors (furrowing your brow protects your eyes from a physical blow)

opposing emotions lead to opposing body signals (pride makes you look big (chest out) while same makes you look small)

the idea that random nervous energy is released through actions like leg jiggling or face touching

to see if people with zero exposure to western media still encoded and decoded the same facial expressions

anger, disgust. fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

he found that 19 different emotions have distinct facial and bodily expressions that are recognized across 10 different cultures

brief worldless sound like aww in sympathy, mmm in pleasure, or ahhh in fear

to soothe (reduce stress), to signal safety (attachment) , to increase cooperation, and to provide pleasure

yes. in experiments with a curtain people could reliably communicate anger, disgust, fear, love, gratitude, and sympathy just by touching someone's arm

cultural norms that tell you when to hide or show emotion. (people in Japan are more likely to suppress negative emotions in public to maintain social harmony)

the idea that while a smile is universal different cultures have unique variations or accents in how they express it

distinct aesthetic emotions (like compassion or heroism) that we feel when watching a play or dance. They allow us to experience emotion without ego getting in the way

the process of making a participant feel an emotion (showing a scary movie)

the process of recording what the participant is feeling or how their body is reacting

an actor who pretends to be another participant but is actually working for the researcher to trick the real participant

a fake reason for the study used so the participant doesn't guess what is really being tested

how much a laboratory experiment feels like a real-life situation

researchers should not create emotions more intense than what a person would typically experience in daily life

any negative emotions must be extinguished often through a process called debriefing where the true nature of the study is explained

he used extreme deception and a malfunctioning shock generation to induce high levels of fear and anger which violates current safety rules

the international affective picture system. a standardized set of hundred of images used to trigger specific emotions

participants are asked to remember a personal event and focus on vivid emotional details to relive the feeling

no. if you just describe the fact without focusing on the feeling, the original emotion usually doesn't come back

it relies on basic properties (like high pitch for happiness or minor chords for sadness) that work across many people

use a confederate to interact with the participant to create a realistic emotional state

a rating system (usually 1-10) used in questionnaires to measure how much of a feeling someone has

questionnaire that calculates a person's positive affect and negative affect scores

the facial action coding system. objective system that codes facial expressions by looking at specific muscles movements called action units (AUs)

uses sensors on the skin to measure electrical activity in muscles, catching tiny or suppressed expressions that don't even show up on the face

EEG is great at timing (when something happens) but bad at location fMRI is great at location (where in the brain it happens) but slow at timing

a newer less invasive brain scan that uses light to measure blood flow. better for children because they can sit up and move around

sympathetic handles fight or flight (Arousal); parasympathetic handles rest and digest (calming)

when a participants guesses what the researcher wants and changes their behavior to match it, ruining the data

using tools that have been pre-tested on thousands of people so you know exactly what emotion they will cause

command center. includes only the brain and spinal cord

the wired network. All the nerves outside the brain and spine that send messages to your muscles and organs

the old belief that one specific brain area is responsible for one specific emotion (amygdala = fear)

the modern view that emotions comes from many brain regions working together in a coordinated profile

fast chemical messengers sent between next-door neurons

slower messengers released into the blood to travel all over the body

acts as the control center, receiving sensory info and sending out commands for a reaction

the reptilian complex

the paleomammalian complex (aka limbic system)

brain regions are adaptable, most regions work together to accomplish goals rather than just done one single thing

evaluates whether something is a threat and organizes the body's response

she could no longer experience fear from external threats (like snakes) or recognize fearful faces, though she still felt fear from internal threats (like carbon dioxide inhalation)

the insula

involved in sadness, negative emotions, and conflict

a personal loses somatic markers (gut feelings), making it hard to make good decisions or learn from mistakes

the idea the depression is caused by a shortage of serotonin and noradrenaline

It typically inhibits impulsive aggression. Low levels are linked to failure to control dangerous impulses

dopamine is for wanting (craving/seeking) other systems like opioids are for liking (actual pleasure)

in healthy people it's highest in the morning, lowest at night

improves the ability to recognize facial expressions and increase trust and bear bonding

fear - large epinephrine; anger - large norepinephrine

fight or flight system that increases heart rate and redirects energy to muscles

vasoconstriction. The body pulls blood away from the skin and toward the muscles for a fast escape

vasodilation. the body sends more blood to the face and hands to prepare for a fight and to signal hostility

the amygdala (emotions) develops much earlier than the PFC (controlegulation), meaning they have strong feeling but no brakes yet

children who experience early neglect or abuse may show suppressed oxytocin levels which can hurt their ability to bond with others later

the rest and digest system that calms the body and helps with long-term survival tasks like digestion

the idea that emotions like fear, anger, and sadness are separate, distinct categories, rather than just different levels of feeling bad

your subjective, internal experience. The thoughts and feelings that go through your mind

the unique fingerprint of an emotion, made up of its specific thoughts, feeling, actions, and goals

the specific state or outcome you want to achieve when you are in the grip of an emotion (Wanting safety when afraid)

to see if different emotions (life fear, anger, and guilt) have unique and predictable profiles of thoughts feeling and goals

thoughts (70%), goals, (65%), and action tendencies (60%)

actual actions because we have the urge to act but don't actually do it

explains why the same emotions can lead to many different behaviors (in fear: run, freeze, or scream but all share the goal of seeking safety)

action tendency is the urgent impulse or readiness to act. action is what you actually do

yes because social rules or lack of opportunity might prevent you from acting on impulse

yes. guilt focuses on violating a standard and wanting to make up for it ; shame focuses on feeling defective/small and wanting to disappear

a set of responses: thoughts, feelings, bodily reactions, expressions, and goals that typically occur together. No single component is strictly necessary to have the emotion

phenomenological (subjective state), physiological (brainody), expressive (signals), behavioral (action), and emotivational (goals)

your subjective state. what is happening in your mind (thoughts feeling and images) during the emotion

a method of studying naturally occurring emotions by pinging participants (e.g. via text) at random times to report current state

IAPS (standardized pictures); films/movie clips; music/sounds

thinking that something in the world is great or better than alright

thinking that you violated a standard or rule that you value

thinking you are inferior or defective

joy: feeling excited or supercharged; sadness: feeling empty, tired, or having a lump in your throat

felt arousal in the body

recurrence of thoughts, duration, and extremity of action taken

the positive or negative quality of feeling

because it's neutral in valence. It can be pleasant or unpleasant depending on the event

increased sympathetic nervous system activity such as heart rate, respiration, and sweating

He believed there is no such thing as an unconscious emotion. people only repress the cause (instincts/memories) to avoid the feeling

he argued we can have an emotion without awareness (swerving a car to avoid a crash before realizing you were afraid)

lack of specific word in their language (amae in japanese); some feelings can't be put into words; it may be a general bad day without a specific object

umbrella term for emotions, moods, dispositions, and preferences

gut feelings. body states associated with emotions that help us make decisions

a set of responses that occur together. used to define the complex nature of an emotion

your internal organs (heart, lungs, and stomach)

wanting or seeking something

chemicals like endorphins that your brain makes naturally to create pleasure and reduce pain

the pressure in your blood vessels when your heart beats

the pressure in your blood vessels between heartbeats

the central nucleus of the amygdala

information goes from the thalamus straight to the amygdala. its fast unconscious and processes simple features

information goes from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex and then to the amygdala. its slower but allows for conscious awareness

the brain's reward system. provides wanting (appetitive motivation) for things like food or love

the brain's punishment system. provides the motivation to avoid things that are painful or unwanted

the mesolimbic system

a loss of control (believing there is nothing you can do) which leads to depression or sadness

anger (something bad is happening but you think you can master it)

fear (something bad is happening and you might not be able to handle it)

large amounts of epinephrine and cortisol

large amounts of norepinephrine and testosterone

a failure to control actions that could hurt yourself or others

dopamine is for wanting (craving a reward); endorphins are for liking (the actual pleasure of the reward)

inhibits anxiety. more GABA means less anxiety

epinephrine (adrenaline)

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

It's part of the conservation of energy response. you feel tired and decrease activity

it decreases. digestion is suspended to give more energy to your muscles for immediate action

the medium is the physical form of the expression (tears); the content is the meaning (i am sad)

a numbering system for specific facial muscle movements (AU 12 is pulling lip corners up)

spontaneous expression happens naturally when you feel the emotion; posed expression is when you make the face on purpose

using expressions to influence other people so they help you handle a situation

an outward manifestation of an inner mood or disposition

yes. expressions are a component of the syndrome but can be controlled or hidden

words (verbal expression)

AU 12 which pulls the lip corners up

raising cheeks and tightening eyelids to create crows feet (AUs 6, 7, 12)

a squarish mouth or lips pressed together

the inner corners of the eyebrows are raised

the eyebrows are lowered and drawn together (AU 4)

he thought expressions were learned because people showed different faces during his rat decapitation study

different participants might have been feeling different emotions or they might have been trying to hide true feelings

studies of blind children who show the same smiles, laughs, and cries as sighted children even though they've never seen a face

no both show same pride and shame

the idea that people in all cultures should make the same face when feeling the same emotions

the idea that people in all cultures should interpret a specific face as the same emotion

when watching a stressful film alone, both groups make the same faces; when researchers were present the Japanese students hid their negative emotions

cultural norms that tell you when it's okay to show or hide emotions

fear and surprise

loud, fast, and falling pitch

soft, slow, and falling pitch

loud, fast and rising pitch

the idea that expressions are leftovers from useful behaviors. (gritting teeth is remnant of preparing to bite an enemy)

the idea that opposite emotions lead to opposite body signals to clearly communicate (anger - looking large to dominate)

the idea that some expressions are unintentional byproducts like trembling when highly aroused

the idea that making an expression helps you know what you're feeling

somewhat. Making a face can increase the intensity of a feeling but you don't need the face to feel the emotion

expressions are useful now to help you process the environment (wide eyes help you spot danger better)

i like that do that again

im helpless please help me

i feel bad about myself (used as an appeasement gesture so other don't reject you)

your readiness or tendency to take a physical action (like running) as part of an emotion syndrome

unlike expressions, which need someone to see them work, behaviors work even if you are alone (running away from a bear works if no one sees you)

when an emotion is so intense that you can't think straight and don't know what to do

ability to choose between different actions to solve a problem. high when intensity is low and low when intensity is high

expressions are social signals that must be perceived by others to have an effect; behaviors are actions on the physical world that work even if no one is watching

it make you less noticeable to predators or attackers

it helps you identify where the danger is and find opportunities for escape

they disrupt and disorganize it; you become so worked up you can't think or act effectively

no. You can do many different things with the same emotion. *in joy you can sing dance or sit still)

arousal or activation. emotional behavior is just behavior that is more energetic (high arousal) or less energetic (low arousal) than normal

they are basic patterns of adaptive behavior (fear - withdrawing; anger - attackingiting)

the likelihood of doing an action like hitting in anger without being forced to do it. You can learn to suppress

a state of being prepared to do several different behavior depending on what the situation allows (if you're happy ready to dance if there's music)

there is no fixed behavior. high flexibility to plan and choose the best way to reach your goal

you default to specific action tendencies (like the urge to run). flexibility is reduced

you engage in the emotion's characteristic behavior (freezing in fear) and flexibility to choose is low

moving towards things, celebrating, and responding to incentives or rewards

inaction, feeling like doing nothing

freezing, vigilance, or running

readiness to yell, criticize, or attack

interrupting ongoing behavior to process new information

readiness to exhibit yourself and show other what you can do

In a crisis there is no time to think. you need a pre-programmed response to act fact and survive

distance. If the threat is distant and there is a spot, you hide. if the threat is closer you freeze

women are more likely to scream for help while men are more likely to use defensive aggression

an internal state that makes you think or act to reach a goal

a special term for the specific goal that is actually part of an emotion (the goal of seeking safety is an emotivation of fear)

motives comes from inside you (you get hungry because your body needs food); emotions usually come from the outside world (you feel joy because someone gave you a gift)

when one thing pulls rank over another; emotions almost always take precedence over basic motives

motives are a cause of emotions (you feel sad because you wanted cake and its gone); emotions are motives (feeling fear makes you act to get to safety)

motives have specific causes (lack of food = hunger); emotions have general causes (attaining any goal = joy)

the emotion takes precedence for example the emotion of shame will interfere with and stop sexual motive

to get to a safe place

to be comforted or to recover what was lost

to keep the good times coming

to be close or connected to someone

to get recognition from others or have them think highly of you

to change a person's behavior from what it would have been (stronger goal than wanting revenge)

it helps us understand many different behaviors as having the same purpose (yelling, hitting, and silence are all ways to reach the goal of hurting someone)

when emotion intensity is low. you have enough time to think and flexibly choose the best action to reach your goal

you have no time to plan your default to the innate action tendency (like running or yelling) because it's faster in a crisis

both are useful fixed behaviors allow for fast action in a crisis goals allow for flexible action when you have time to think