CHAPTER 1

– scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts that links man’s speculation with reality

– a researcher undertakes reflective thinking and inquiry of things, situations and
problems around him.

– The researcher is prudent of he/she conducts his research study at the right time and at the
right place wisely, efficiently and economically. The 4 M’s (Man, Money, Materials, and Machinery) are used effectively and economically.

– the researcher is always doubtful as to the veracity of the results

– an intelligent researcher is honest in collecting or gathering the data in order to arrive
at honest results.

– R – research oriented; E – efficient; S – scientific; E – effective; A-Active; R – resourceful; C – creative; H – honest; E- economical and R – religious

is based on DIRECT experience observation by the researcher.

– It is based on VALID procedures and principles.

– It starts with a problem and ends with a problem

– It utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data.

– The research designs and procedures are replicated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid
and conclusive results.

– Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.

– also known as the basic research or fundamental research.

– involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as the development of a new system or procedure, new device or new method in order to solve a
problem.

– This is a decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices

– This is done in the library where answers to specific questions or problems of the study
are available.

– research is conducted in a natural setting.

– The research is conducted in an artificial or controlled conditions

– It is defined as a quantity or a “characteristic that has two or more mutually exclusive value of properties”

Numerical values or categories represent these quantities or characterize

– This is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to determine the relationship to an observed phenomenon.

– this is the response variable which is observed and measured to determine the effect
of independent variable.

–This is the variable controlled by the researcher in which the effects can be neutralized
by eliminating or removing the variable.

– a variable that interferes with the independent and dependent variable but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent variable

. The problem should be specifically stated.

. It is a measure by using research instruments (i.e. questionnaire, tests, etc) in collecting data

. The data are achievable using correct statistical techniques to arrive at precise results.

. Real results are not manipulated;

. Time frame is required in every activity because the shorter completion of the activity the
better.

. A good research problem attracts the attention of the investigator to study the
problem further.

. A good research problem may not be necessarily new. It may be a restatement a
restructuring of an old problem to make it new.

. The 4 M’s – Man, Money, Materials and Machinery are needed in conducting
research.

. A good research problem is measurable by using research instruments, like tests and questionnaires, rating scales, observation schedules or interviews, and statistical treatment to arrive at scientific and meaningful results.

-defined as a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts
covered by the study

. – a denial of an existence of an attribute, a relationship or a difference of an
effect. It is always stated in a negative form

- the opposite extreme of null hypothesis and is stated in a positive
form. It is an affirmation of the existence of an observed phenomenon.

shapes the justification of the research problem/objectives in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters. It is desirable for the investigator to identify key concepts that are used in the study for better understanding of the role of theory in research

It presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called constructs. Its function is similar with theoretical framework because the constructs used are derived from abstract concepts of the
theoretical framework

- Presumed to be true statements of facts related to the research problem

- This includes the coverage of the study area, the subjects, the research instruments and research
issues or concerns, the duration of the study and the constraints that have a direct bearing on the
result of the study.

- The Key terms used in the study and usually less than 15 items. If more than that, it is already
place in the glossary

– the definition of terms are based on concepts or hypothetic ones which
are usually taken from the dictionary.

– based on observable characteristics and how it is used in the study.

is one of the components of the research process. A researcher needs to review write-ups, readings, and studies related to his present study to determine the similarities and
differences of the findings between past and present studies.

History may be defined as the branch of knowledge concerned with past events, especially those
involving human affairs

– These include school directives such as orders, memorandums, circulars, constitution, laws,
charters; court decisions; executive and other official records such as proceedings of administrative
officers

– These include the physical plant; equipment, apparatus, teaching aids and devices, picture of
buildings or furnishings, forms of diplomas and certificates, textbooks and reference books.

 Include such materials as histories of education, bibliographies, encyclopedias and others.

 The study focuses at the present condition. The purpose is to find new truth.

– This approach is appropriate wherever the object of any class vary among themselves and one is interested in knowing the extent to which different conditions obtain
among these objects

– The term “normative” is sometimes used because surveys are
frequently made to ascertain the normal or typical condition or to compare local test results with
a state or national norm.

– This approach to problem-solving seeks to answer questions to real facts relating to existing conditions. This is a technique of quantitative description which determines
the prevailing conditions in a group of cases chosen for the study

– This method determine or describe the nature of an object by separating it into its parts. Its purpose is to discover the nature of things.

– This method is employed in natural sciences such as Botany, Zoology,
Biology and the like. The specimens collected are classified from Phylum to species.

This design is to appraise carefully the worthiness of the current study

It is a comparative survey where the researcher considers at least two
entities

– This is designed to determine the relationship of two variables (X and Y) whether the relationship is perfect, very high, high, marked or moderate, slight or negligible.

. This involves much time allotted for investigation of the same subjects at two or more points in time

. This design involves a single treatment with two or more levels

. Two comparable groups are employed as experimental and control groups.

. This design is an elaboration of the two-group design wherein there are
two experimental groups and two control groups.

. This is a design in which two or more groups are used at the same time with only one single variable (control group) manipulated or changed

. This design involves the experimental group and the control group which are carefully selected through randomization procedures

. This design is also called rotation design. It involves an
exchange of two or more treatments taken by the subject during the experiment

. This is a design in which a group of test plants or animals is
studied only once but subsequent treatment is applied to determine the cause of change.

. This experimental design uses a group of test plants
and animals as subjects of the study which are studied once but subsequent treatments applied
are replicated to determine the cause of change.

 It is a problem solving technique that the study is described from the past, present and future.
 It is an intensive investigation of a particular individual

The degree to which a test or measuring instrument measures what it intends to measure

The degree to which the test agrees or correlates with a criterion set up as an acceptable
measure.

Is determined by showing how well predictions made from the test are confirmed by
evidence gathered at some subsequent time.

 The extent to which the test measures a theoretical construct or trait.

 The degree to which the research instrument can be satisfactorily used by teachers, researchers,
supervisor

 It is the extent to which a test is dependable, self-consistent and stable.

 Method of getting a representative portion of a population. The term population is the aggregate
or total of objects, persons, families, species or orders of plants or of animals.

This involves certain restrictions intended to improve the validity
of the sample.

. This is the best random sampling design because no restriction is
imposed and every member

. This design divides first the population into two or more strata. For each stratum, the sample items are drawn at random.

. This is a design in which all individuals in the population are arranged in the
methodical manner.

. This design is done in several stages. It can be two-stage, three-stage, fourstage,

. In this design, the population is grouped into clusters or small units, for
instance, blocks or districts,

. This design is based on choosing individuals a samples according to the purpose of the researchers as his controls.

. This design is applied to those samples which are taken because they the most available. .

This design is popular in the field of opinion research because it is done by merely looking for individuals with the requisite characteristics

 It is a means of converting information either manually or by machine into qualitative and
quantitative forms for use in data analysis.

. It refers to the grouping of subjects. Under study according to the
objectives or purposes of the study. F

. After the subjects have been categorized into groups and subgroups, data are
next coded by the researcher.

. Once the raw data have been given numerical codes, they are ready for
tabulation which means tallying and counting the raw data to arrive at a frequency distribution
and to facilitate in organizing them in a systematic order in a table or several tables.

. Presentation of data is in tabular form.

. A univariate matrix involves only one variable.

. It involves two variables.

. This has 3 or more variables in the table

. This is used in data where there is likert scale

– the process of making an observation and is use to determine cause and effect relationship

– is a plant, an animal, an object or a person to which the treatment will be applied once.

– is part of the experimental unit where treatment effect is measured.

– maybe a practice, a technique, a variety, a breed or anything whose effect is measured and compared.

– is the variation among experimental units that are treated alike or are receiving the same treatments.

– basic repetition of an experiment