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Tan pogi m5

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Semisolid preparations intended for external applications to the skin or mucous membranes. May be medicated or not.
OINTMENTS
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Unmedicated Ointments Used for the physical effects they provide as:
1.Protectants
2.Emollients
3.Lubricants
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Ointment bases are generally classified by the U.S. Pharmacopeia into four groups:

A. Oleaginous Bases
B. Absorption Bases
C. Water-removable Bases
D.Water-soluble Bases
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OLEAGINOUS BASES Also termed:
HYDROCARBON BASES
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OLEAGINOUS Bases On application to the skin
1.Emollient effect
2.Protect against the escape of moisture
3.Are effective as occlusive dressings
4.Can remain on the skin for long periods without drying out. Because of their immiscibility with water are difficult to wash off.
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OLEAGINOUS Bases Water and aqueous preparations
May be incorporated and with some difficulty
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OLEAGINOUS Bases Powdered Substance
Liquid Petrolatum- Levigating agent
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Purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum.
Petrolatum USP
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An unctuous mass, varying in color from yellowish to light amber
Petrolatum USP
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Petrolatum USP Also known as
Yellow Petrolatum and petroleum jelly
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Petrolatum USP melts at what temperature
38-60 degrees Celsius
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Purified mixture of semisolid hydrocarbons from petroleum that has been wholly or nearly decolorized.
WHITE PETROLATUM, USP
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WHITE PETROLATUM, USP also known as
WHITE PETROLEUM JELLY
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WHITE PETROLATUM, USP comercial product
White Vaseline (Chesebrough-Ponds)
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AKA: Simple Ointment
YELLOW OINTMENT USP
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Slightly greater viscosity than plain petrolatum
YELLOW OINTMENT USP
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YELLOW OINTMENT USP formulation
Yellow Wax- Stiffening Agent
Petrolatum-Base
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Differs from yellow ointment by substitution of white wax and white petrolatum in the formula.
WHITE OINTMENT
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Bleached and purified yellow wax
White wax
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purified wax obtained from the honeycomb of the bee Apis mellifera
YELLOW WAX
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Used as emollients
absorption Bases
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Useful pharmaceutical adjuncts to incorporate small volumes of aqueous solutions into hydrocarbons.
absorption Bases
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2 types of absorption Bases
hydrophilic petrolatum and lanolin
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Has the capacity to absorb up to three times its weight in water and useful to help incorporate a water-soluble drug into an oleaginous base.
HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM USP
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A variation of hydrophilic petrolatum.
HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM USP
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HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM USP commercial prodcut
aquaphor
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HYDROPHILIC PETROLATUM USP preparation
fusion
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lanolin aka
Anhydrous lanolin
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A purified waxlike substance that has been cleaned, deodorized and decolorized.
lanolin
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lanolin was obtained from
wool of sheep (Ovies aries)
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Lanolin processed to reduce the contents of free lanolin alcohols and any detergent and pesticide residues.
modified lanolin
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May be diluted with water or aqueous solutions
WATER-REMOVABLE BASES
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water removal bases Consists of 3 parts
Oil Phase

Water Phase

Emulsifiers
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Lanolin processed to reduce the contents of free lanolin alcohols and any detergent and pesticide residues.
modified lanolin
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Can absorb serous discharges
water removal bases
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O/W emulsion
resembling creams
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in water removal bases Occlusivity decreases as
water content increases
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HYDROPHILIC OINTMENT USP method of preparation
FUSION
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needs preservative bc of high H20 content
HYDROPHILIC OINTMENT USP
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DO NOT contain oleaginous components
WATER-SOLUBLE BASES
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Referred to as: GREASELESS
WATER-SOLUBLE BASES
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Mostly used for incorporation of Solid substances
WATER-SOLUBLE BASES
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Soften greatly with the addition of water.
WATER-SOLUBLE BASES
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INCORPORATION OF AQUEOUS
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL OINTMENT, NF
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equal parts of the two ingredients
Firmer ointment
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A polymer of ethylene oxide and water
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
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>600
clear, colorless liquids
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600-1000
semisolids
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>1000
waxdike white materials
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how to SELECT OF THE APPROPRIATE BASE
Desired release rate of the drug substance from the ointment base

Desirability of topical percutaneous drug absorption • Desirability of occlusion of moisture from the skin

Stability of the drug in the ointment base

Effect, if any, of the drug on the consistency or features of the ointment Desire for a base easily removed by washing with water

⚫ Characteristics of the surface to which it is applied
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2 types of preparation ointment
incorporation and fusion
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Components are mixed until a uniform preparation is attained.
incorporation
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ulitizes shear forces to reduce particle sizes, disperse aggiomerates and homogenize viscous materials
OINTMENT MILL
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it's a electronice mortar and pestle ,The ingredients in a plastic ointment jar with a special lid that allows for a mixing blade to be used to mix the ingredients in the dispensing container.
UNGUATOR
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what are the incorporation of solids
spatulation, geometric dilution, levigation , pulverization
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what are the incorporation of liquids
alcohilic solutions, peru balsam
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in levigating agent , mineral oil external phase is
oil
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in levigating agent , glycerin external phase is
water
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added easily to oleaginous vehicles or emulsion bases
alcoholic solutions
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mixed with an equal portion of caster oil
peru balsam
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reduces surface tension
peru balsam
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components of an ointment are combined by being melted together and cooled with constant stirring until cobgeated
fusion
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what are the ointment bases prepared by fusion
beeswax, paraffin , stearyl alcohol, high molecular weight PEGs
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Melting the component with the lowest melting point first and adding the remaining components in order of their melting points.

alternative method
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Simply melting all of the components together under slowly increasing temperature.
alterative method
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Involves both melting and emulsification





emulsion base
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Aqueous solution is slowly added, with mechanical stirring, to the melted oleaginous mixture.
emulsion base
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only 1st statement is correct
only 2nd statement is correct
both statements aare correct
both statements are incorrect

in microbial content


Topical applications are required to be sterile.
Must meet not acceptable standards for microbial content.
both are wrong

Topical applications are not required to be sterile.
Must meet acceptable standards for microbial content.
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what are the COMMON PRESERVATIVES FOR TOPICAL PREPARATIONS
Methylparaben

Propylparaben

Phenols

Benzoic acid

Sorbic acid

Quaternary ammonium salts
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Determination of the net weight or volume.
minimun fill
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Ensure proper contents compared with the labelled amount.
minimum fill
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Semisolid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either a W/O emulsion or in an O/W emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.
creams
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Semisolid systems consisting of disperse small or large molecules in aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent.
gels
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High molecular weight water-soluble polymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with allyl ethers of sucrose and/or penta-erythriol
Synthetic macromolecules
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Semisolid preparations intended for application to the skin. Contain a larger proportion of solid material (25%)
pastes
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remain in place after application

stiffer
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effectively employed to absorb serous secretions, not suited for application to hairy parts of the body
stiiffer
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Solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic.
plasters
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glycerogelatins are also know as
zinc gelatin boot
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what is the use of glycerogelatins
treatment for varicore ulcer
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Plastic masses containing gelatin (_), glycerin (_), water (_), and an added medicinal substance (_%).
15%, 46%, 35%, 10%
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made of clear or opaque glass or plastic
ointment jars
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size of ointment jars
0.5 oz- 1lb
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Tested for compatibility and stability.
oinment jars
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coated with an epoxy resin, vinyl, or lacquer, to eliminate any interactions between the contents and the tube
aluminum
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Made of high or low density polyethylene, PP, PET, foil, or paper laminates.
plastic
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soft and resilient and it provides a good moisture barrier
LDPE
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superior moisture barrier but less resilent
HDPE
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high level resistance
PP
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offers transparency and a high degree of product chemical compatibility
PET
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an excellent moisture barrier because of the foil content, high durability, and product compatibility
laminates
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in syringes one of the advantage3s is exclusion of air from the system true or false

true
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in syringes one of the advantages is accurate quantities can be applied using the syringe to measure the amount needed.

true of false
true
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Use to treat vulvovaginal infection and vaginitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, and Haemophilus vaginalis
vaginal preparations
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