midterm 3

mendel used on dward and one tall pea plant when he cross bred them all of the plants were tall; however when he then bred the f1 plants again he had one dward plant in a 3:1 ratio.

Alleles of geners sigregate during gamete formation; one allele from each parent is passed on to the offspring, the fusion of gametes at fertilitzation pairs alleles once again.

Mendel too 2 seeds one green and wrinkled and the other yellow and round and crossed them. he received mixed results of colors and wrinkles.

each pair of alleles segregate independently from the other pairs during gamete formation

carries same allele on each chromosome

carries different alleles on each chromosme

a trait that masks another

a trait that can be masked

different version of the same gene

gene found in an organism

observable features of an organism

hetero zygote is intermediate between the homozygotes

both traits are fully expressed in the heterozygote

traits that have more than just 2 alleles for a given gene

when multiple different genes play a role wiht a single trait

one gene effects multipe traits

Humans have 2 sex chromosomes (1 pair) and 22 pairs of autosomes; sex chromoesomes are referred to by letter while the autosomes are reffered to by number, autosomes control the ingeritance of all an organism's chracteristics except sex linked ones.

provides instruction for making a protein called the sex dtermining region Y protein; determines sex in humans

x linked is genes on the x chromosome and all diseases associeated with mutations on that chromosome; Y linked genes are super rare can only be passed from father to son

mendel used pea plants for his experiments because they grow fast, short lifespans, many characteristics, crosses can be controled,

In males x linked expression of a disease requires only one copy of the disease while in females it is two; an example of this is colorblindness

inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.

division of a parent cell intoa daughter cell that helps with growth, development, repair

a picture of a cell's complete set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs and arranged in order of decreasing size

process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins

male = ♂ female = ♀

DNA helps provide code needed to create proteins that create genotypes

DNA is transcribed to mRNA by RNA polymerase, and mRNA is translated to protein by ribosomes.

The process in which DNA is copied to RNA 3 types are mRNA tRNA rRNA

RNA is used to produce proteins through initiation, elongation, and termination

Both produce daughter cells and multiply and have the PMAT stages. Mitosis has only one round of cell divsion while meiosis has 2; meiosis is for sex cells while mitosis if for somatic cells; mitosis produces diploid cells while meiosis produces cells with half of the normal number of chromosomes.

the foursome of chromatids that forms when replicated homologous chromosomes align

the pairing of homologous chromosomes, one from each parent, during early meiosis.

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis)

the term used when a cell has only one set of chromosomes

cell or organism that has paired chromosomes, one from each parent.

two identical daughter cells that each contain the same number of chromosomes as their parent cell.

Human somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, including 22 homologous pairs and one pair of nonhomologous sex chromosomes. This is the 2n, or diploid, condition. Human gametes have 23 chromosomes, one each of 23 unique chromosomes. This is the n, or haploid, condition.