midterm 2

the chemical reactions in the body that build and breakdown molecules

substances that enzymes convert into products in chemical reactions.

the free energy required to make new bonds (ex. energy to light a match)

substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction and increase the rate of the reaction.

1. are not changed athe end of a reaction
2. are never consumed
3.help equillibrium be achieved quickly?
4. only need to be present in a small amount?

1. proteins that act as catalysts
2. do not change the G of a reaction
3.can make reaction go up a trillion times faster

in notes it is a 4 step drawing

enzymes split a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, which releases energy that is transferred to ATP.

is to capture energy and form it into ATP (sugar and oxygen to produce energy)(give energy to living cell to carry out metabolism)

ATP with byproducts of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ (energy)

Glycolysis breaks splits glucose into 2 molecules (happens in the cytoplasm) turns into 2 three carbon compounds to create energy.

series of enzyme catalysed reactions occuring in the mito matrix and generate ATP in the electron transport chain

ETC is a series of proteins that electrons that get pumped into the intermembrane sapce which eventually floods back into the matrix with ATP synthase creating ATP

the cytoplasm

glucose is the reactant and glycoysis is splitting it into 2 molecules

nets 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2NAOH

mitochondrial matrix

2 pyruvates from glycolysis

2 ATP, $6CO_2$, 8 NAOH, 2 FAOH,

Proteins in the inner membrane of the mitochondria recieve electron from $NAOH+FAOH_2$ which are then passed down a protein chain with each protein being more electronegative than the last. Eventually the electrons power to pump $H^+$ ions into the intermembrane space creating an energy imbalance from their these ions flood back into the matrix through the process called ATP synthase creating energy to create ATP.

as electrons fall down more and more steps they release energy and keep moving further and further down due to each protein want to attract more and more electrons (high EN)

Since electrons fall they eventually push out hydrogen ions into the matrix and cytoplasm which is where ATP is formed?????????

34 ATP, -10 NAOH, -2 FAOH

occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

protons flow down the concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein, this causes it to spin really fast and catalyze ADP to ATP

$6CO_2+H_2O + sunlight -------> C_6H_12O_6 + 6O_2$

Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red colors and reflects green

occur in the thylakoid membrane (disks)

$H_2O$ and sunlight

ATP, NADPH, O2

help convert light energy into chemical energy that help make ATP that is used to make sugars in the Calvin Cycle.

In the stroma of chloroplasts

$3CO_2$, ATP, NADPH

creates 63p which is 1/2 of gluscose and $3CO_2$?? (3 ADP, 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules, and 2 NADP+.)

to creat RubP so the cycle can continue as well as glucose