Legal english 2 part 2

agreement by a state or party to be legally bound

a formal written agreement between states under international law

the principle that treaties must be observed by the parties that signed them

violations of legal rules or obligations

a state or party that has signed a treaty

to act in accordance with a rule, decision, or obligation

the conduct of relations between states through negotiation

to formally confirm and give legal force to a treaty

the origins from which legal rules derive their authority (e.g. treaties, custom, general principles)

binding treaties agreed upon by multiple states

a fundamental norm of international law that cannot be changed or overridden

to resolve a dispute through negotiation or a court decision

the provision of the ICJ Statute listing the main and subsidiary sources of international law

a state or authority holding supreme independent power

to formally deliver a court's decision

a state that consistently and openly rejects a rule of customary international law from its outset

to challenge a court's ruling before a higher authority

law derived from consistent and general state practice accepted as legally binding

scholarly legal works used as a subsidiary source of international law

court rulings used as a subsidiary source to identify rules of international law

coercive measures such as tariffs, embargoes, or asset freezes applied against a state

the legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case

a state that has signed and ratified a treaty and is bound by its obligations

legally obligatory; must be complied with

variations in norms and values between societies, sometimes used to justify non-compliance with international law

a dispute between two or more states formally brought before the ICJ

the belief that a practice is legally required; one of the two elements of customary international law

to ensure compliance with legal rules, by compulsion if necessary

the principal judicial organ of the UN, seated in The Hague, which settles disputes between states

a serious and lasting disagreement between parties, often brought before a court

the fundamental political right of a citizen to participate in elections

an international organisation founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation among states

the principle that all people are entitled to the same rights and treatment regardless of their background

the safeguarding of individuals or groups from harm, abuse, or violations of their rights

the condition of being owned and controlled by another person; absolutely prohibited under international law

detention of a person without lawful basis or due process; prohibited under the UDHR

forming a necessary base; of central importance (e.g. fundamental rights)

lasting indefinitely; not subject to rotation (e.g. the five permanent members of the UN Security Council)

a 1948 UN document setting out 30 articles of fundamental human rights applicable to all people

collaborative action by states to address shared challenges

to treat a person or group unfairly on the basis of race, gender, religion, or other characteristics

the number of provisions contained in the UDHR, covering civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights

breaches of legal rules or human rights obligations

a state's supreme authority to govern itself without external interference

the main deliberative body of the UN in which all member states have equal representation

a court or panel that decides cases without bias or favouritism

relating to the governance of a state or the exercise of power

to require a person or institution to explain and take responsibility for their actions

the diverse systems of beliefs, practices, and values that can influence the interpretation and application of international norms

treatment that causes humiliation or a loss of dignity; prohibited under the UDHR

to actively support and advance a cause, right, or principle

relating to people; used in the context of human rights, human dignity, and humanitarian law

changing on a scheduled basis (e.g. the 10 non-permanent seats on the UN Security Council)

legal or moral entitlements that protect individuals or groups

the fair and impartial administration of the law

the social and legal categories of male and female, relevant to equality and non-discrimination law

the power of a permanent UN Security Council member to block any resolution with a single negative vote

the legal and moral duty of a state to uphold the rights of its citizens and comply with international obligations

the primary judicial organ of the UN; settles legal disputes between states and issues advisory opinions

states that have joined an international organisation such as the UN and are bound by its rules

a prior court decision that must be followed by lower courts in future cases of a similar nature

relating to or having the force of law

relating to the body; used in the context of corporal punishment (e.g. lashing, amputation)

the origins of legal rules (e.g. statutes, precedent, custom, religious texts)

customary practices of a tribe or indigenous community that may form the basis of customary law

not connected to or governed by religion

the ranked structure of courts in which higher courts bind lower courts through precedent

a matter brought before a court for legal determination

an opposing party in legal proceedings; the basis of the adversarial system used in common law

relating to faith or religion; used in the context of religious legal systems such as Sharia or Canon Law

the principle that like cases should be treated alike; a key advantage of the doctrine of precedent

written laws enacted by a legislature; the primary source of law in civil law systems

the body of religious law derived from the Qur'an and Hadith that governs conduct in Islamic legal systems

a penalty imposed by a court for a breach of law

the formal rules and steps that govern how legal proceedings are conducted

a legal system based on Islamic religious law (Sharia), applied in varying degrees across Muslim-majority states

for a higher court to set aside or reverse a previous court's decision

to compel compliance with a law or court decision

based on long-established practice; used in the context of customary law and customary international law

the formal decision of a court in a legal case

relating to common law; the legal system originating in England based on judicial precedent

to determine the meaning and application of a legal rule or provision

specialised judicial or quasi-judicial bodies that resolve particular categories of dispute

a legal system that combines elements of two or more distinct legal traditions

the elected bodies that enact statutes and create written law

the system of rules that a state recognises as binding on its members

not anticipated; used in the context of situations not covered by existing precedent or statute

earlier court judgements that form the basis of precedent in common law systems

relating to civil law; the legal system based on comprehensive written codes rather than judicial precedent