1What are the learning objectives of the scapular region lecture?
The learning objectives are to identify cutaneous nerves and their distribution; describe nerve supply and actions of latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor and rhomboideus major; describe trapezius attachments, nerve supply and actions; explain applied anatomy of structures and spaces in the region. Scapular region .pdf
2What supplies the skin of the back?
Posterior primary rami of spinal nerves.
3What are the peculiarities of the posterior primary rami of C1, C7, C8, L4 and L5 spinal nerves?
Their posterior primary rami do not supply the skin.
4Which divisions of posterior rami supply the skin up to T6?
Medial divisions of posterior rami.
5Which divisions of posterior rami supply the skin below T6?
Lateral divisions of posterior rami.
6Which posterior primary rami supply the gluteal region?
Posterior primary rami of L1, L2, L3 and S1–S3.
7What is the nerve supply of trapezius?
The spinal part of the spinal accessory nerve supplies trapezius; proprioception is supplied by ventral primary rami of C3 and C4.
8What is the motor nerve supply of trapezius?
Spinal part of the spinal accessory nerve.
9What is the proprioceptive nerve supply of trapezius?
Ventral primary rami of C3 and C4.
10What are the attachments of the upper fibers of trapezius?
They attach to the posterior border of the lateral one-third of the clavicle.
11What are the attachments of the middle fibers of trapezius?
They attach to the medial border of the acromion process and upper lip of the crest of the spine of scapula.
12What are the attachments of the lower fibers of trapezius?
They attach to the apex of the triangular area at the medial end of the spine of scapula.
13What is the main function of trapezius?
It steadies the scapula and performs movements of the scapula.
14What is the action of the upper fibers of trapezius?
Elevation of the scapula, along with levator scapulae.
15What is the action of the middle fibers of trapezius?
Retraction of the scapula, along with rhomboid major and minor.
16What is the action of the lower fibers of trapezius?
Rotation of the scapula during overhead abduction of the arm, along with serratus anterior.
17What is the nerve supply of latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6–C8), a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.
18What are the root values of the thoracodorsal nerve supplying latissimus dorsi?
C6–C8.
19What cord of the brachial plexus gives the thoracodorsal nerve?
Posterior cord.
20What shoulder movements are produced by latissimus dorsi?
Adduction, extension and medial rotation of the shoulder.
21How does latissimus dorsi help in swimming, rowing, climbing and pulling?
It produces movements requiring adduction, extension and medial rotation of the shoulder.
22What is the role of latissimus dorsi in violent expiration?
It assists violent expiration, including coughing and sneezing.
23What happens during rope climbing when the proximal attachment of latissimus dorsi is fixed?
The trunk moves upward.
24Which other muscle helps latissimus dorsi during climbing?
Pectoralis major.
25What is the clinical importance of the lumbar triangle of Petit?
Its area is thin, which can result in lumbar hernia.
26What are the boundaries of the triangle of auscultation?
Medial: trapezius; lateral: medial border of scapula; inferior: latissimus dorsi.
27What forms the floor of the triangle of auscultation?
Rhomboid major.
28What is the clinical importance of the triangle of auscultation?
It allows breath sounds from the superior, posterior basal or lateral basal segments of the lower lung lobes to be heard using a stethoscope.
29What are the learning objectives for the scapular region muscles and spaces?
They include attachments, nerve supply and actions of deltoid and scapular muscles; boundaries and contents of quadrangular and triangular spaces; axillary nerve; scapular anastomosis; applied anatomy; and identification of scapular-region muscles. Scapular region .pdf
30What is the origin of deltoid from the clavicle?
Anterior border of the lateral one-third of the clavicle.
31What is the origin of deltoid from the acromion?
Lateral margin of the acromion.
32What is the origin of deltoid from the scapular spine?
Lower lip of the crest of the spine of scapula.
33What is the insertion of deltoid?
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus on the lateral aspect of the shaft of humerus.
34What is the nerve supply of deltoid?
Axillary nerve (C5, C6).
35What is the action of the anterior fibers of deltoid?
Flexion and medial rotation of the arm.
36What is the action of the middle fibers of deltoid?
Abduction of the arm from 15° to 90°.
37What is the action of the posterior fibers of deltoid?
Extension and lateral rotation of the arm.
38Which part of deltoid is responsible for abduction from 15° to 90°?
Middle fibers.
39Which muscle initiates abduction of the arm from 0° to 15°?
Supraspinatus.
40Why is the deltoid used for intramuscular injections?
It is commonly used for intramuscular injections.
41Where should an intramuscular injection be given in the deltoid?
In the middle of the muscle.
42Why should an intramuscular injection avoid the upper part of the deltoid?
The upper part of the deltoid is related to the axillary nerve.
43What nerve is damaged in paralysis of the deltoid?
Axillary nerve.
44What happens to deltoid when the axillary nerve is damaged?
The deltoid is paralysed.
45What is the effect of deltoid paralysis on abduction?
There is inability to abduct the arm between 15° and 90°.
46What is the effect of deltoid paralysis on medial rotation?
There is inability in medial rotation of the arm.
47What happens to the contour of the shoulder in deltoid paralysis?
There is loss of the rounded contour of the shoulder.
48What sensory loss occurs in axillary nerve damage according to the lecture?
Sensory loss over the lower half of the deltoid.
49What is the nerve supply of supraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6).
50What is the action of supraspinatus?
It initiates abduction of the arm from 0° to 15°.
51What is the nerve supply of infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6).
52What is the action of infraspinatus?
Lateral rotation of the arm.
53What is the nerve supply of teres minor?
Axillary nerve (C5, C6).
54What is the action of teres minor?
Lateral rotation of the arm.
55What is the nerve supply of subscapularis?
Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5, C6).
56What are the actions of subscapularis?
Medial rotation, adduction and extension of the arm.
57Which muscles in the lecture are supplied by the suprascapular nerve?
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus.
58Which muscles in the lecture are supplied by the axillary nerve?
Deltoid and teres minor.
59Which muscle is supplied by the upper and lower subscapular nerves?
Subscapularis.
60What are the boundaries of the quadrangular space?
Superior: subscapularis anteriorly, capsule of shoulder joint and teres minor posteriorly; inferior: teres major; medial: long head of triceps brachii; lateral: surgical neck of humerus.
61What structures pass through the quadrangular space?
Axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral vessels.
62What forms the superior boundary of the quadrangular space?
Subscapularis anteriorly, capsule of the shoulder joint and teres minor posteriorly.
63What forms the inferior boundary of the quadrangular space?
Teres major.
64What forms the medial boundary of the quadrangular space?
Long head of triceps brachii.
65What forms the lateral boundary of the quadrangular space?
Surgical neck of humerus.
66What are the contents of the upper triangular space?
Circumflex scapular artery.
67What forms the superior boundary of the upper triangular space?
Teres minor.
68What forms the inferior boundary of the upper triangular space?
Teres major.
69What forms the lateral boundary of the upper triangular space?
Long head of triceps brachii.
70What are the boundaries of the lower triangular space?
Medial: long head of triceps brachii; lateral: shaft of humerus; superior: teres major.
71What are the contents of the lower triangular space?
Radial nerve and profunda brachii vessels.
72What forms the medial boundary of the lower triangular space?
Long head of triceps brachii.
73What forms the lateral boundary of the lower triangular space?
Shaft of humerus.
74What forms the superior boundary of the lower triangular space?
Teres major.
75Which nerve passes through the quadrangular space?
Axillary nerve.
76Which vessels pass through the quadrangular space?
Posterior circumflex humeral vessels.
77Which artery passes through the upper triangular space?
Circumflex scapular artery.
78Which nerve passes through the lower triangular space?
Radial nerve.
79Which vessels pass through the lower triangular space?
Profunda brachii vessels.
80What is the function of the anastomosis around the scapula?
It maintains continuous and adequate blood supply in the region.
81Into what two parts is the anastomosis around the scapula grouped?
Anastomosis around the body of the scapula and anastomosis around the acromion process.
82Which arteries form the anastomosis around the body of the scapula?
Suprascapular artery, deep branch of transverse cervical artery and circumflex scapular artery.
83From which part of the subclavian artery does the suprascapular artery arise according to the lecture?
First part of the subclavian artery.
84From which part of the subclavian artery does the deep branch of the transverse cervical artery arise according to the lecture?
First part of the subclavian artery.
85From which part of the subclavian artery does the circumflex scapular artery arise according to the lecture?
Third part of the subclavian artery.
86Which arteries form the anastomosis around the acromion process?
Acromial branch of the suprascapular artery, acromial branch of the thoracoacromial artery and acromial branch of the posterior circumflex humeral artery.
87What is the source of the acromial branch of the suprascapular artery?
The suprascapular artery, a branch of the thyrocervical trunk.
88Which artery gives the acromial branch of the thoracoacromial artery?
The second part of the axillary artery.
89Which artery gives the acromial branch of the posterior circumflex humeral artery?
The third part of the axillary artery.
90What is the clinical significance of scapular anastomosis in arterial blockage?
If there is arterial blockage anywhere between the first part of the subclavian artery and the third part of the axillary artery, scapular anastomosis provides continuous blood supply to the upper limb.