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increase in height, weight, length and girth dueto healthy young animals give adequate food, water, and shelter

cells increase by size

cells increase by number

accumulation of layers

increase in structural tissue

bone muscle and connective tissue

occurs during muscle and bone development; majority occuring after bone and muscle development reaches its maximum

increase in complexity of the animal system

the change in shape of tissues; migration of cells to a tissue

growth does not occure independently; cells…. and organs….

due to diet, genetics, and environment changes

dn from another unrelated organism

taking ones organs and putting it into a different species

most animals cannot naturally reprodue due to

skeletal structure and soundness are important in maximizing production efficency during growth, ensure longevity

component which will ultimately to be consumed, proving monetary value

dictates monetary potential by factoring into the quality grase, protects carcas during storage and handling prior to retail

stages of development

15-20% total growth; slow tissue growth, organs>bone>muscle

75% of total growth, organs reach mature size, bone growth complete, muscle growth maximal, fat accumulate slowly

80-90% of total growth, 80-90% muscle deposited, rapid fat accumulation

90-95% fat deposited, 5-10% muscle growth

why can you not go off chronological age?

fat and muscle curve

reached the upper inflection in the growth curve at weaning age

not all animals grow at the same…

differences in stages of maturity among animals of the same species and chronological age

chronological age vs pysiological age

highest level of complexity of development

stage of development the epiphyseal cartilage of long bones calcify or ossifies

less physiological mature, higher weight, less fat, lower quality grade/less money

where do dairy cows put their nutrients

meat cows calcify bones and out nutries toward

gender influences

intact males are..

heifers have slightly more … compared to bulls

highest lean to fat ratio

lowest lean to fat ratio

bull: steer: heifer

ram; wether: ewe

boar: gilt: barrow

4 major fat deposits

channel, kidne, born with ; measured with slaughtering

seam fast, between muscles; measured through slaughter

back fat, measured with ultra sound

marbling, measured through ultrasound

fat that changes with genetics

how is internal fat expressed

as % KPH increases, … decreases resulting in …

red meat KPH % range

dairy cattle KPH % average

fat separating muscle, considered waste, largest fat deposit in beef carcass

subcutaneous fat deposition in pork

subcutaneous fat deposition in cattle

subcutaneous fat deposition in lamb

little flecks of fat found within muscles; flavor and juciness

lamb muscle and fat gain

pig muscle and fat gain

building of cells and tissue

breaking down of nutrients

groups of closely associated cells and cell products that act synergistically

well defined parts that perform a particular function

tissue structure

covers organs, inner lining of body cavities, and line hollow organs

basement membrane, lack capillaries, cell reproduce readily, cells are tightly packed and held together by desmosomes

maximal secretion and absorption, delicate structure, found away from abrasive forces in well protected areas

protective of harsh chemicals and mechanical threats ; skin and extrenities of the digestive tract

epithelium cell types

plate-like cells h<w

cube shaped cells h=w

slender elongated cells h>w

cover of viscera, linings of body cavities, and blood vessels

found in ducts and passageways in the kidneys

arranged like a honey comb, cell lining in trachea

composed of columnar cells, found in upper respiratory tract where the lining cells are ciliated

improves absortions and secretion abilities; aids in material movement along borders

increase surface area by 20% nutrient absorption

ciliation and microvilli

skin, first parts of stomach in ruminants, thickest and toughest

composed of more than one columnar cells and is found lining part of the pharynx, salviary ducts, urethra

forms the lining of portions of the urinary tract

cuboidal of columnar epithelium; sweat salvia breast milk

extracellular substance, gives form and strength to many organs, serves protection and leverage, aid in binding and storing fat, most abundant tissue

protein linked to carbohydrates

consume damaged cells

respponisble for histamine release

responsible for production off fibrous proteins

fiber types

consists of collagen, 20-30% of protein in animals (most abundant)

microfibrils embedded in elastin, easily stretched, abundant in blood vessels ligaments vocal cords and air passages