1all organisms are made of…
cells
2the cell is…
the simplest collection of matter that can be alive
3all cells are related by..
their descent from earlier cells
4cells can differ from one another but…
share common features
5eukaryotic cells have…
internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
6 bacteria and orchaea consist of
prokaryotic cells
7protists, fungi, animals, and plants are
eukaryotic cells
8basic features of all cells
plasma membrane, semifluid substance called cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes
9no nucleus, DNA in an unbound region (nucleoid), no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
prokaryotic cells
10DNA in nucleus bounded by a double membrane, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
eukaryotic cells
11Which is larger; eukaryotic or prokaryotic
eukaryotic
12plasma membrane
selective barrier that allows sufficent passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
13metabolic requirements set upper limits on…
the size of the cells
14The surface area to volume ratio of a cell is
crucial
15as a cell increases in size…
its volume grows proprtionately more than its surface area
16eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are…
housed in the nucleus and carried out by ribosomes
17the nucleus contains most of the… in a eukaryotic cell
DNA
18Ribsomes use information from the DNA to make
proteins
19the nucleus contains..
most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle
20nuclear envelope
encloses the nucleus, seprating it from the cytoplasm
21all organisms are made of…
cells
22each membrane in the cellular envenlope consists of…
a lipid bilayer
23regulates the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus
pore complex
24lines the nuclear size of the envelope
nuclear lamina
25what is nuclear lamina composed of, what does it do
composed of proteins, maintains the shape of the nucleus
26DNA is organized into discrete units called
chromosomes
27each chromosome contains one DNA molecule associated with proteins called…
chromatin
28chromatin condenses to form…
discrete chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide
29located within the nucleus and is the site of RNA synthesis
nucleolus
30complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein
ribosomes
31where do free ribsomes carry out protein synthesis
in the cytosol
32where do bound ribosomes carry out protein synthesis
outside of the endoplasmic reticulum
33regulates protein traffic and performs metablic functions in the cell
endomembrane system
34endomembrane system consists of…
nuclear envelop, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane
35accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
endoplasmic reticulum
36Smooth er
lacks ribosomes
37rough er
surface is studded with ribosomes
38smooth er functions
synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, detoxifies drugs and poisons, stores calciums ion
39rough er functions
secrete glycoproteins, transport vesicles, membrane factory for the cell
40proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates
glycoproteins
41peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to…
water
42golgi apparatus functions
modifies products of the ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
43membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
lysome
44lysomal enzymes work best in…
the acidic environment inside the lysome
45hydrolytic enzymes are made by…and then transferred to… for further processing
rough ER, golgi apparatus
46some types of cells engulf aother cell by… forming a …
phagocytosis; food vacuole
47lysomes fuses with food vacuole to
digest the molecules
48lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and macromolecules
autophagy
49large vesicles derived from the ER and golgi apparatus
vacuoles
50food vacuoles
formed by phagocytosis
51contractile vacuoles
pump excess water out of cells
52central vaculoses
hold organic compounds and water
53mitochondria
sites of cellular respiration, uses oxygen to generate ATP
54chloroplasts
sites of photosynthesis
55cristae
inner, folded membrane of the mitochondria
56inner membrane creates two compartments
intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix
57chloroplasts contain…
chlorophyll (green pigments), enzymes, other molecles that function in photosythesis
58chloroplasts are found…
in leaves and other green organs of plants
59chloroplasts structure
thylakoids, membranous sacs, granum, stroma
60chloroplasts are in the … group
plastids
61specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
peroxisomes
62peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to…
water
63cytoskeleton
network of fibers extending through the cytoplasm
64what does the cytoskeleton do
organizes cell structure and activities
65cytoskeleton is composed of
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubles
66cytoskeleton helps
support the cell and maintain its shape
67the cytoskeleton interacts with motor proteins to produce…
motility
68… travel along tracks provided by the cytoskeleton
vesicles
69three main fibers that make up the cytoskeleton
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
70microfilaments function in
cellular motility
71microfilaments contain the protein
myosin and actin
72cells crawl along a surface by extending
pseudopodia
73circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
cytoplasmic streaming
74in animal cells, microtubulars grow out from a
centosome
75in animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of
centrioles
76microtubulars contol the beating of
flagella and cilia
77anchors the cilium or flagellum
basal body
78drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum
dynein (motor protein)
79an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells
cell wall
80purpose of a cell wall
protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
81made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharied and protein
plant cell walls
82primary cell wall
relatively thin and flexible
83middle lamella
thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
84secondary cell wall
added between plasma membrane and the primary cell wall
85animal cells are covered by
extracellulr matrix
86the extracellular matrix is made up of glycoproteins such as
collagen, proteoglycans, fibronectin
87extracellular matrix proteins bind to
integrins (receptor protein)
88extracellular matrix can
regulate a cells behavior (communicating through intergrins), influence the activity of genes in the nucleus
89channels that perforate plant cell walls
plasmodesmata
90allows water and small solutes to pass from cell to cell
plasmodesmata
91membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
tight junctions
92fasten cells together in strong sheets
desmosomes
93provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
gap junctions
94cells rely on…
intergration of structures and organelles in order to function