BIO TEST

Smallest unit of life; all living things are made out of cells; all cells come from other pre-existing cells

A single-celled organism

Consisting of a single cell

Consisting of many cells

Sets of continuous DNAenes; 46 in every cell (except gamete cells); each parent gives 23; organized into homologous pairs

Deoxyribonucleic Acid; codes for the creation of proteins; shaped like a double helix; contains genetic material, instructions for building & maintaining the organism.

A pairs with T, C pairs with G; always have the same amount of each letter within the pair

Cells with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and many chromosomes

Cellular organelles that read RNA to build proteins; found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Cell headquarters; contains DNA, turns DNA into RNA, and makes ribosomes; membrane-bound

Cellular organelle responsible for protein folding and production

Powerhouse of the cell; burns sugar to make energy through cellular respiration

Long fibers that give shape and structure to the cell; act as a highway for organelles

Small vesicles filled with digestive enzymes; only present in animal cells

Contain chloroplasts, a central vacuole, and a cell wall

Contain lysosomes and multiple small vacuoles

Protect and filter what goes in or out of the cell; contain proteins and allow the passage of water and oxygen

Channels of protein that allow the passage of water through cell membranes

Diffusion of free water molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration across a semipermeable membrane

higher concentration of free water on the inside
Lower free water on the outside
Water moves out to the higher salt concentration area
More [free water inside] less [water concentration] outside
Or less [free water] inside, more [free water] outside
Ex. dead sea to water

Opposite of hypertonic
Less [free water] inside/more [free water] outside
Ex. river to water

Equal concentration of solute molecules on both sides of the cell membrane

Create 2 copies of dna, separate the copies, splits into two daughter cells, dna starts loosely wound in the nucleus, if you try to divide it like that it could damage, tangle, or break

Period when the cell actively divides; consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Cell division process for the production of gamete cells

Reproductive cells; sperm and eggs & contain only 23 chromosomes each, made through meiosis

Non-reproductive cells (skin muscle or bone cells)
Divide via mitosis to grow &/or repair damageeplace dead cells

Dna supercoils
Nuclear envelope dissolves
Dna becomes visible

Chromosomes align in center of cell
Chromosome split to opposite sides of cell pulled by cytoskeleton (centromere region)

Chromosome split to opposite sides of cell
Pulled by cytoskeleton

New nucleus forms
Cell membrane pinches inward (animal cell) or little wall things in between (plant cells)

Cell is totally divided
New daughter cell is created
Clones of each other

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
(please make another two cells)

Chromosome in working cell = tangled
Chromosome in dividing cell = neat/packaged
1. Copy dna
2. Coil up twisted dna
3. Make little x's of dna directly on other sides (x's called karyotype)

Cell is growing, doing its job

Adds organelles that cell will need
Checks copied dna for mistakes

cell copies its dna

Keeps dna from supercoiling

Unzipping enzymes

initializer/primer

The builder reads 3' to 5', but builds the new strand 5' to 3'

The gluer

Happens in the nucleus
Happens before mitosis, in interphase

The pieces on the lagging strand of dna before they are glued together bc the dna gets stopped and the end of the line

You have 2 sets of double stranded helix dna
Each new set has one old strand, and one new strand

½ of each strand is conserved

The ability to reproduce is the difference between whether or not something is living
Cell division: the key to the perpetuation of life

Grow
Have genes
Reproduce
Respirate
metabolize /digest
Excrete waste
Respond to stimuli
Adapt
Divide

The pressure of water to move across a membrane to reach isotonicity

When a cell bursts

bound water to solute

lightly attached to something else

can go anywhere (not connected to another solute)

difference of loss & gain (ex. -50+100=50)

all the gain (ex. -50+100=100)

something that gets dissolved in water

Nucleus, rough er, highway, golgi, membrane, out of the cell

cytoplasm warehouse

builds or breaks proteins

Organelles make sure that they body is able to function properly and they store genetic material, which holds rna and dna

"Deoxyribonucleic Acid"
The molecule that codes for the creation of proteins
made from nucleotides
Shaped like a double helix
Each strand is about 3 feet long, but to allow for room in the body they supercoil/ tightly compact; this allows for them to stay strong and break less easily
Genetic material
Information passed down by generation
Instructions for how to build & maintain the organism

For any one base pair, you can figure out the rest

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

a short, hairlike organelle that extends from a cell and functions in locomotion or in the movement of substances across the cell surface