Exam 2

a debate in whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior

Nature vs nurture

The process by which people learn customs and values of their culture

socialization

all the statuses a person holds at a given time

status set

a self-image based on how we think others see us

Cooley and the looking glass self

conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses

role conflict

primary agent of socialization

family

help teach children values and norms of the larger society

schools

the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

role exit

tension among the roles connected to a single status

role strain

a status into which one is born; involuntary status

ascribed status

A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts

achieved status

one status within a set that stands out or overrides all others

master status

the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

resocialization

a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships

primary group

a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding

secondary group

the voluntary process of preparing to accept new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

anticipatory socialization

rituals marking the passage from one status to another

rites of passage

1. We imagine how we appear to those around us
2. We interpret others' reactions
3. We develop a self-concept

elements of the looking glass self

1. Preparatory Stage
2. Play Stage
3. Game Stage

mead and the stages of self

the first stage in Mead's theory of the development of self wherein children mimic or imitate others

preparatory stage

Mead's second stage in the development of role taking; children act in ways they imagine other people would

play stage

the stage in childhood when children become capable of taking a multitude of roles at the same time

game stage

ingroups

groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

outgroups

any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior

reference groups

group of 2

dyad

group of 3

triad

the banding together of several interest groups for the purpose of lobbying

coalition building

Overly-bureaucratic, rule-governed, hyper-rational contexts can be dehumanizing

iron cage of bureaucracy

tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people

iron law of oligarchy

A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society

stratification

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior

social control

the recognized violation of cultural norms

deviance

based on achievement, allow movement and interaction between layers and classes

open systems of stratification

the subjective evaluation people give to jobs

occupational prestige

a lack of resources that is life-threatening

absolute poverty

the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation

mcdonaldization of society

theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to

differential association theory

the boundaries between levels in the hierarchies of social stratification are rigid, and people's positions are set by ascribed status

closed system of stratification

poverty defined according to the living standards of the majority in any given society

relative poverty

a social condition in which norms are weak, conflicting, or absent

anomie