socl 2

any attitude behavior, or condition that violates cultural norms or societal laws and results in disapproval, hostility, or sanction if it becomes known

theories that explain deviance in terms of the conflicting interests of different segments of the population

theories that proposes that what is labeled deviant or criminal-and therefore who gets punished is determined by the interests of the dominant class

conflicts generated by fundamental contradictions in the structure of society produce laws defining certain acts as deviant or criminal

the unofficial means through which deviance and deviant behaviors are discouraged in society; most often occurs among ordinary people during their everyday interactions

defined as attempts by certain people or groups in society to control the behavior of other individuals and groups to increase the likelihood that they will conform to established norms or laws

official attempts to discourage certain behaviors and visibly punish others; most often exercised by the state

a symbolic interactionist approach holding that deviant behavior is the product of the labels people attach to certain types of behavior

term developed by Lemert which argues that the first step in the labeling of deviance, it occurs at the moment an activity is labeled deviant

a term developed by Lemert which argues that the second step in the labeling of deviance occurs when a person labeled deviant accepts the label as part of his or her identity and, as a result, begins to act in conformity with the label

a term employed by criminologists and sociologists to describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime

a perspective that suggests that studies of deviance have been biased because almost all the research has been done by, and about, males, largely ignoring female perspective on deviant behavior as well as analyses of differences in the types and causes of female deviance

the branding of behavior as highly disgraceful

the theory that deviant and criminal behavior results from regular exposure to attitudes favorable to acting in ways that are deviant or criminal

any act defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment, or both

crimes that involve the violation of individuals' ownership rights, including burglary, larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

crime committed by criminal groups that provide illegal goods and services

crime committed by people of high social status in connection with their work

criminal or other harmful acts of commission or omission perpetrated by state officials in the pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the government

behavior that causes injury to people or damage to property

crimes that involve force or threat of force, including murder and negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault

the intentional, unlawful killing of four or more people at one time and place

the scientific study of the nature, extent, management, causes, control, consequences, and prevention of criminal behavior, both on the individual and social levels; an interdisciplinary field in both the behavioral and social sciences, drawing especially upon the research of sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, social anthropologists, as well as scholars of law; term coined by Raffaele Garofalo

the killing of several people by one offender over a period of time

an Italian sociologist working in the late 19th century, is often called "the father of criminology."; Lombroso took a scientific approach, insisting on empirical evidence for studying crime. He suggested physiological traits such as the measurements of cheek bones or hairline, or a cleft palate (the belief was this was a throwbacks to Neanderthals) could indicate "atavistic" criminal tendencies.- most of his theories have been debunked