socl (2)

a theory that the skull configurations of deviant individuals differ from those of non-deviants- has since been debunked

throwbacks to primitive early humans

also known as Mertonian Anomie, advanced by American sociologist Robert Merton, suggests that mainstream culture, especially in the United States, is saturated with dreams of opportunity, freedom, and prosperity as Merton put it, the American Dream. When there is a discrepancy between the cultural goals for success and the means available to achieve those goals, rates of deviance will be high

a form of anomie that occurs when a gap exists between the culturally defined goals of a society and the means available in society to achieve those goals; Merton also used the term anomie, but it meant something slightly different for him than it did for Durkheim. Merton saw the term as meaning a dichotomy between what society expected of its citizens and what those citizens could actually achieve

when norms don't apply anymore/lack of ethical standards/ when people loose sight of shared rules and values

developed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen, draws upon control theories and explains crime in terms of crime opportunities that occur in everyday life. A crime opportunity requires that elements converge in time and place including (1) a motivated offender, (2) suitable target or victim, (3) lack of a capable guardian

contends that disorderly conditions and behavior such as aggressive panhandling, graffiti, public urination, and the like, seriously disturb normative neighborhood life by engendering fear and public reclusiveness among residents and workers; disorderly conditions and behaviors can be successively connected to serious crime as residents retreat from public spaces leaving more opportunity for predatory behavior occur

the theory that crime and deviance are caused by the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions

society's use of due process involving police, courts, and punishment, to enforce the law

a negotiation in which the state reduces a defendant's charge in exchange for a guilty plea; about 97% of all criminal cases are settled by using a plea bargain

means that the criminal justice system must operate within the bounds of the law; the law recognizes that people charged with crimes have the right to confront their accusers and to defend themselves; they have the right to legal counsel and the right to a speedy, impartial, and public trial with a jury

police respond to any event no matter how minor; Supporters of zero tolerance policies claim that such policies deter crime because people who know any minor infraction may cause police to stop and search them are less likely to risk carrying an illegal weapon. Critics argue that zero-tolerance policies encourage police to harass law-abiding citizens for minor infractions instead of concentrating on solving major crimes

makes police more visible to the public by moving some police officers from cars to bicycle or foot patrol in order to bring about a closer and more cooperative relationship between officers and citizens

actions taken by U.S. state and federal governments to curb the illegal drug trade and reduce drug use by punishing drug possession, use, and trafficking more harshly

legislation stipulating that a person found guilty of a particular crime must be sentenced to set minimum of years in prison

State and Federal laws that sentence an individual to life in prison who has been found guilty of committing three felonies or serious crimes punishable by a minimum of a year in prison

refers to the unique way the U.S. has locked up a vast population in federal and state prisons, as well as local jails

a crime, such as murder, which is severe enough to merit the death penalty

moral vengeance by which society inflicts on the offender suffering comparable to that caused by the offense

using punishment to discourage further crime

protecting the public by using incarceration or execution to prevent offender from committing further offenses

later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

social and moral views. A society may come to the view that an act is not harmful, should no longer be criminalized, or is otherwise not a matter to be addressed by the criminal justice system.

response to crime seeking to restore the well- being of the victim, offender, and larger communities lost due to crime

correctional programs that take place in local communities rather than behind prison walls