ch 10

connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system
-stacked in columns called grana
-transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

3

an envelope of two membranes surrounding a dense fluid in a chloroplast

the pigment that gives leaves their green color
-resides in the thylakoid membranes

carbon dioxide, water, light energy- glucose, oxyen

reverse of photosynthesis
-glucose and water-carbon dioxide and water

redox process, H2O is oxidized,CO2 is reduced

endergonic process

light reactions and calvin cycle

light reactions in the thykaloid
calvin cycle in the stroma

forms sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH

electromagnetic radiation

entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation

substances that absorb visible light

reflected or transmitted

reflects and transmits green light

different wavelengths

connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system
-stacked in columns called grana
-transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes

association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor

pigment molecules bound to proteins

radiation or electromagnetic energy

a wavelength

electromagnetic spectrum

most used carbon pathway
-useless in dry enviornments because the stomata closes to conserve H2O which limits photosynthesis
-o2 is binded to RuBP instead of co2 creating a 2 carbon molecule in a process called photorespiration which yeilds no sugar or ATP

light absorbing molecules called pigments, different pigments absorb light in different wavelenghts

blue violet and red light, it participates directly in light reactions

mainly orange and blue light

Photosystem II (PS II) functions first (the numbers reflect order of discovery)
-The reaction-center chlorophyll a of PS II is called P680 because it is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm

Photosystem I (PS I) is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm (P700)

cyclic and linear

The primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
-light is captured and water is split into the electrons, protons and oxygen(into the individual molecules that make it up

electrons are recycled around photosystem

Grana is multiple stacks of thylakoids , granum is a stack of thylakoids

catches Co2 from the atmosphere so it can be used in the reaction
-to do this co2 attatches to RuBP, a 5 carbon molecule and the result of this reaction is an unstable 6 carbon molecule which splits into two 3 carbon molecules called 3pg

-process of conversion of co2 to carbohydrates
-uses NADPH and some ATP from light reaction
electrons are added from NADPH and eventually 3pg through reactions turns into g3p a carbohydrate(final product), 1 gp3 is set aside to be used as a builind block for glucose

ATP is used to combine the rest of the gp3 molecules to form Rubp molecules

6

ATP, NADPH, O2

Which is physically closest to the actual production of ATP in photosynthesis?

plants close the stomata, conserves H2O, limits photosynthesis

rubisco

adds O2 instead of CO2, producing a two-carbon compoun

O2 and organic fuel, releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar

open their stomata at night and open it during the day, incorporating CO2 into organic acids that are stored in the vacuoles

- conserve water and emit Co2 by only opening their stomata at night and closing it during the day
-Co2 is turned into a 4 carbon compound ooa through the pep reaction similar to c4
-resulting acids are stored in vacuoles for later use
-during the day while the stomata is closed the co2 storing acids are released from the vacuoles into the calvin cycle to keep photosynthesis going
-used in extremeley arid enviornments

-closes stomata but doesn't stop photosynthesis
-occurs in cells called mesophyll cells
-pep carboxylase enzyme is used instea of rubisco
-co2 is binded with pep to fix CO2 into a four carbon compound called oxaloacetate(oaa)
-oaa releases enough Co2 for the calving cycle to continue

-Are carried out by molecules
in the thylakoid membranes
-Convert light energy to the chemical
energy of ATP and NADPH
-Split H2O and release O2
to the atmosphere

photosystems 1, 2 and the electron transport chain

photosystems 1, 2 and the electron transport chain

excciting and shuttling electrons from molecule to molecule in a process in the thylakoid membrane called the electron transport chain