socl exam 3

Groupings based on social significant physical characteristics and beliefs about common ancestry

racial group

Groupings based on common geographic origin and distinctive cultural characteristics (i.e language, religion, dress, and other customs)

ethnic group

-- -- (history, culture, politics, economics, etc.) have a major role in shaping the meaning of race.
- These categorizations have profound social significance
- Ex; One Drop Rule

social factors

Race/Ethnicity are -----. Race and ethnicity are often --- --- They can have profound impacts on -- ---.

Definitions used to reflect social construction of race/ethnicty

US census

Racial/ethnic definitions used by Census have -- --- ---.

changed over time

Groupings based on social significant physical characteristics and beliefs about common ancestry

mulatto

--- added in 1970

Hispanic

Option to claim ----- identity added in 2000.

multiracial

Refers to people with origins in Europe, Middle East, or North Africa.
- Traditionally the racial/ethnic majority group in the US (numerically and socially)

white Americans

Traditionally the largest racial/ethnic minority group in the United States.
- Contemporary inequality in the historical legacy of slavery, Jim Crowe, and other forms of discrimination

African Americans

--- ---/--- racism or discrimination that is built into the workings of societal institutions, can exist without express intention
- systematic rather than that of an individual

institutional racism/discrimination

native Americans

- Became the largest racial/ethnic minority group in the US in 2000, account for about half of all population growth since then
- Mexican Americans largest Latino group
- Approx. half of the Hispanic population resides in just 5 states (CA, TX, FL, NY and AZ), but this is changing rapidly

Hispanic/Latino Americans

Greater numbers ---- to the US today than in any previous period in history.
- Primarily from Latin America and Asia
- In 2020 13.5% or 44.1 million people were foreign born

immigrating

diverse society.
- This reality has major implications for how race/ethnic group contours are defined and negotiated, including questions of social stratification

increasingly

Patterns of --/-- Inequality
- Story one of both progress and persistence
- Growing numbers of minorities achieving upward economic and social mobility
- but marked patterns of inequality persist

racial/ethnic

---: The attribution of superiority or inferiority based on race.

--- The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups

racism

--- is biological, -- is socially constructed

sex, gender

Biological and anatomical differences especially based on reproductive organs and structures, distinguishing males from females

sex

--: Socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity; presentation of self and social expectations

gender

--- ---: classification of gender into 2 discrete and non-overlapping forms of masculine and feminine

gender binary

---: a gender identity that does not fit squarely into the male-female binary classification

non-binary

--: identification/expression of gender identity that differs from their sex at birth

transgender

--- --- of gender is learned through the process of socialization. It is taught by agents of socialization (family, school, peers, media...)

social construction

Labor force participation among women has increased dramatically over the last century

Yet, the economic opportunity structure of women continues to differ from men in important ways

Different normative expectations, institutional discrimination, occupational segregation…

Women in the American Workforce

: Balancing demands of work outside and inside the home

Studies show there continues to be a clear gender gap in the performance of housework, although the differences are narrowing

Tension of work/family demands can be incredibly trying; role strain and conflict

The “Second Shift”

Gender-role differentiation contributes to social stability

Clarifies role expectations

Ex) Helps define division of labor in the economy and the household

Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Stratification (functionalist)

Gender relations are characterized by unequal power

Men, specifically of the dominant gender and sexual orientation, hold greater power in most societies compared to women

Gender inequality is a result of this power differential

Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Stratification (Conflict Perspective)

Gender relations best understood by observing micro-level interactions

How through our interactional experience do we develop gendered ideas of self and society?

How does this interactional experience lead us to understand gendered inequality?

Theoretical Perspectives on Gender Stratification (symbolic)

Cross-cultural comparisons

changing norms

Changing gender roles, such as relationship to paid employment

Changes in labor supply and demand

a chanding economy

Because social construction of gender is normative, nonconformity can be norm-breaking

Gender Nonconformity as Deviant

Not synonymous with sex

a major role in shaping individual realities and social stratification

Early periods of Black experience characterized by overt racial oppression (i.e., slavery, Jim Crowe, etc.)

Victories of the Civil Rights Movement broke down many legal barriers

Allowed upward mobility for many Black people, and a growing black middle class

Left many others mired in “urban underclass” (i.e., class and spatial disadvantage)

William J. Wilson

Little evidence of declining residential segregation

History and persistence of racial segregation…

Perpetuates minority disadvantage

Perpetuates racial polarization

displacement and new opportunities

Much will depend on how people collectively respond to and shape economic change

union density

Important institutional mechanism for advancing the collective interests of workers

Steady decline in “ ” over recent decades

Important institutional mechanism for advancing the collective interests of workers

goods-producing, service-based

shift from " " to " " economy

increased automation and lower wage rates

Economic opportunity structure facing American workers is rapidly changing

Deindustrialization, Rise in contingent employment relations

decline in industrial activity in a region or economy.

Deindustrialization

a transformation away from an agricultural- or resource-based economy, toward an economy based on mechanized manufacturing

industrialization

parents and unmarried children, typically living together

Nuclear family

broader network of relatives connected through blood and marriage

Extended family

two or more people living together, related by blood, marriage, or adoption

family