Human Factors

Occurs on dark nights with no visual horizion.
Factors...
- sloping cloud formations
- ground lights
- geometric patterns of ground lights
Causes....
- pilot to want to align the aircraft with the false horizion
- leads to unusal flight attitude
Prevention
- pilot learns to rely on the instruments when they cannot see properly

Occurs when the pilot fixates on a singular light
Causes....
- points on the ground to appear as though they are moving
- pilot will try to align the aircraft with the lights and fail
Prevented By...
- choosing to not fixate on a light and instead choose to look at lights from a far away distance

The feeling of dizziness caused by doubt in visual interpretations.
Caused By....
- flickering lights
Prevented By....
- turning off whatever is causing the feeling of vertigo

When landing at night with a non-lighted area causing the runway to appear as though it is out of position.
Causes...
- a lower than usual approach
- leads to the pilot landing short of the runway

Def: State of oxygen deficiency in the body that can cause impaired functions of the brain and other organs.

1 - hypemic
2- hypoxic
3- histostatic
4- stagnant

- not enough O2 in the lungs
- can be avoided by descending

- described as any conditon preventing enough red blood cells carrying CO2 to the brain
- can be caused by smoking
- conditions under this category are anemia, C02 poisioning, and excessive bleeding

- lack of oxygen to the brain due to alcohol, naurcotics, or cyanide

- failure of the blood to properly circulate and provide oxygen to the brain
- positive G forces can bring about this condition
- heart failure, and shock can also play a major roll

- lack of CO2 in the bloodstream constricting O2 entering the brain
- causes dizziness, loss of consciousness, incapacitation, muscle spasms etc
- can be prevented by slowing your breathing rate

- inside the middle ear, there is something called the esthacian tube that helps the body to balance
- when there is a sinus infection, the tube is clogged and descending will not only hurt the person with the infection but someone with a sinus infection will also have spatial disorientation
- worsens with a increase in altitude
- also worsensh hearing

- inability of the pilot to correctly interpret aircraft altitude, airspeed, and attitude in relation to the Earth
- caused when you are visual, posturally, or vestibullary unaligned

1- Corolis Illusion
2- Motion Sickness
3- Somatogravic Illusion
4- Somatogyral Illusion
5- Graveyard Spiral

- caused by abrupt head movement
- leads to middle ear distortion
- results in a sudden tumbling feeling

- caused by the brain recieving conflicting messages about the state of the human body
- can be prevented by flying the plane and looking outside

- the linear acceleration/deceleration feeling during a climb or descent

- called "The Leans"
- caused when the aircraft is placed in a continued turn, and once you rollout you start to feel like your turning in the opposite direction

- caused when the leans are not corrected
1- aircraft enters a nose down wings turned state unoticed by the pilot
2- the pilot will feel the plane descending and instinctivly pull up, but btecause the aircraft is in a turn the turn will tighten
3- turn will steepen so much that the nose will lower until contact wiht the ground is made

- occurs when there is an exhuast leak inside of the cabin
- takes the place of O2 and leads to unciousness following dizziness, confusion, vomiting, intense pulses, red lips, ringing in the ears, drunken like state, and dilated pupils
- when symptomes are noticed pilot should descend immediatly, open the windows at a safe altitude and land the aircraft
- if symptome persists medical attention may be required

- brought on by external and mental pressures
- cannot be detected and limits pilot's ability to perform, make choices, and act
- it is the duty of a pilot to evaluate their energy levels, get enough sleep, stay hydrated, and maintain a healthy diet so that they don't become fatigued

- causes the pilot to think that they are flying too steep of an approach
- may lead to a lower approach flown and possible collision with an obstacle or object

- will appear as a shallow runway
- can lead to a higher than normal approach causing a faster and longer landing and rollout
- creates a high possibility of a pilot overshooting the runway

- appears as though the airplane is flying too high
- causes pilots to fly a lower approach

- causes the runway to look as thought the aircraft is too low
- the pilot reacts by flying a steeper than normal approach

- creates the illusion of being further away from the runway than you actually are
- causes pilot to fly a low approach

- when it is raining during a flight, the windscreen will create the illusion of being at a higher altitude than where the plan actually is
- this is because the horizion looks lower than what it actually is
- leads to a lower apporach than normal being flown on the runway

occurs when the tissues in the body do not recieve enough oxygen

- an insufficient supply of oxygen
- due to lack of pressure to push oxygen through the body
- considered the most lethal of physiological accidents

- inability of blood to carry oxygen molecules
- hypemic = Not enough hemoglobin
- results from anemia, blood loss, carbon monoxide poisoning or smoking

- caused by blood not flowing efficiently
can result from ...
- heart problems
- excessive acceleration aka pulling G 'S
- shock
- constricted blood vessels
- cold temperatures
can cause ...
- hyperventilation

- inability of blood cells to efficiently use supplied oxygen
- caused by alcohol or drugs
Symptomens Include...
- headache
- Increased response time
- impaired judgement
- euphoria
- visual impairments
- Numbness
- usually happens at 10,000ft

- caused by breathing rapidly
- developed when too much oxygen leaves the body
- can be triggered from fear, tensions , and anxiety
Tips
- slow breathing rate
- talk aloud /sing
- breathe Into paper bay

Middle Ear =Small Cavity
→ Eustachian Tube
- allows air pressure to equalize in the Middle ear
→ During Climb
- middle ear pressure > External ear canal pressure
-Causes eardrum to bulge outwards
→ During Descents
- Middle ear Pressure < External Ear Pressure
- eardrum bulges Inward

- remedy to rear discomfort
- difficult to do when you have a sore throat or sinus block
→ Steps
1. Pinch nose shut
2. Close mouth and lips
3. blow gently into mouth and nose

- refers to lack of orientation by knowing position , altitude , or movement of airplane In space

- occurs when pilot is subjected to different forces of flight during a manuver (instrument)
- results in misleading information to the brain

- Vestibular illusions
Stands for...
I-nversion illusion
C-orolis illusion
E-levator illusion
F-alse Horizion
L-the Lens
A-uto kinesis
G-raveyard spiral
S-omatogravic illusions

Is a abrupt change from climb to straight and level flight
- creates a tumbling backwards sensation
- may cause pilot to push the nose down which may intensify the illusion

Occurs when your in a turn for a long time and the fluid in your ear starts to move at the same speed as the fluid in your ear canal.
- you can fix this by moving your head to get the fluids in your ear to move

abrupt upwards vertical acceleration from updraft.
- creates the illusion of climbing or the illusion of being in a descent
- may cause the pilot to pitch the nose low during climb illusion or up during descent illusion

Created when there is a sloping cloud formation, obscured horizion, or during a aurora borelis.
- inaccurate visual info
- may cause pilot to struggle to align aircraft with the actual horizion

Happens when you level the wings after a prolonged turn
- may create the illusion that the aircraft is banking in the opposite direction
- to combat this, the pilot will need to reference their instruments more

Created when you fly in the dark and focus on a singular stationary light.
- the light may appear to move if stared at a long period of time
- pilot may attempt to align aircraft with the moving light

Occurs when pilot is in a prolonged constant rate of turn which causes them to experience the illusion of not turning.
- Starts when the pilot starts to experience the leans during the turn which leads to pilot noticing a loss of lift (illusion of descent) which results in the pilot pulling back on the controls to either climb or tighten the spiral

Cause when acceleration simulates your organs in a way that makes it seem like your moving backwards.
- rapid acceleration causes illusion of being in a nose up attitude which results in pilot pushing the nose down
- can also show the opposite and cause the pilot to pull the nose up

R-unway width
R-unway Terrain/Slope
F-eatureless Terrain
W-ater Refraction
H-aze
F-og
G-round Lighting

Shows a narrower than usual runway which creates the illusion that the aircraft is higher than what it actually is.
- to compensate for the illusion making it seem like the pilot is closer to land, the pilot will try to land higher and farther than runway length than what is actually seen

-> Downslopping Runway
Creates the illusion that the aircraft is lower than what it actually is.
- leads to a higher approach
-> Upslopping Runway
Creates illusion that aircraft is higher than what it actually is
- leads to lower approach

Can create the illusion of pitching up
- pilot might abruptly steepen the approach

rain on windshields create illusion that aircraft is at a higher attitude than what it actually is.
- horizions appear lower than what it actually is
- causes pilot to fly a low approach

Can create the illusion of being at a greater distance and height from the runway
- can cause pilot ot fly a lower approach
- clear air + bright conditions = illusions of being closer to a runway
- can cause pilot to fly a higher approach

Lights along straight paths can be mistaken for runway approach lights.
- creates illusion of less distance to the runway
- can cause pilot to fly a higher approach

1 - anticipate that there will be illusions based on certain weather conditions and make sure that before taking a flight you look over the chart supplements for runway slopes, terrain, and lighting information

2- Make frequent references to the altimeter especially during approaches

3- if possible contact aerial visiual inspection of an unfamiliar airport

Is the rapid reduction of ambient pressure surronding the body.
- leads to joint pain and is extremely serious
- once you notice it, descend immediatly then seek out medical assistance
- goal is to get rid of the overflow of nitrogen in your body, in the same manner that scuba divers need to rid their body of nitrogen before coming to the surface

Def: State of oxygen deficiency in the body that can cause impaired functions of the brain and other organs.

1 - hypemic
2- hypoxic
3- histostatic
4- stagnant

- not enough O2 in the lungs or body
- can be avoided by descending

- described as any conditon preventing enough red blood cells carrying CO2 to the brain
- can be caused by smoking
- conditions under this category are anemia, C02 poisioning, and excessive bleeding

- lack of oxygen to the brain due to alcohol, naurcotics, or cyanide
- inability of cells to effectively use oxygen

- failure of the blood to properly circulate and provide oxygen rich blood to the brain
- positive G forces can bring about this condition
- heart failure, and shock can also play a major roll

- lack of CO2 in the bloodstream constricting O2 entering the brain
- causes dizziness, loss of consciousness, incapacitation, muscle spasms etc
- can be prevented by slowing your breathing rate

- exposure to a colorless, odorless, and tasteless deadly gas caused by combustion of carbon based materials
- can often times be airplane exhuast getting into the cabin
- symptones start with drowsiness and come quickly soon after
Resolution
- turn the cabin heat off, ventilate the cabin as much as possible, open windows if possible and land as soon as possible

- inside the middle ear, there is something called the esthacian tube that helps the body to balance
- when there is a sinus infection, the tube is clogged and descending will not only hurt the person with the infection but someone with a sinus infection will also have spatial disorientation
- worsens with a increase in altitude
- also worsensh hearing

- inability of the pilot to correctly interpret aircraft altitude, airspeed, and attitude in relation to the Earth
- caused when you are visual, posturally, or vestibullary unaligned

1- Corolis Illusion
2- Motion Sickness
3- Somatogravic Illusion
4- Somatogyral Illusion
5- Graveyard Spiral

- caused by abrupt head movement
- leads to middle ear distortion
- results in a sudden tumbling feeling
- may occur when a pilot has been in a turn for too long
- disoriented pilot may manuver aircraft into a dangerous altitude in an attempt to correct the aircrafts percieved attitude

- caused by the brain recieving conflicting messages about the state of the human body
- can be prevented by flying the plane and looking outside

- the linear acceleration/deceleration feeling during a climb or descent
- causes pilot to want to push the aircraft into a nose low or dive attitude

- called "The Leans"
- caused when the aircraft is placed in a continued turn, and once you rollout you start to feel like your turning in the opposite direction

- caused when the leans are not corrected
1- aircraft enters a nose down wings turned state unoticed by the pilot
2- the pilot will feel the plane descending and instinctivly pull up, but btecause the aircraft is in a turn the turn will tighten
3- turn will steepen so much that the nose will lower until contact wiht the ground is made

- occurs when there is an exhuast leak inside of the cabin
- takes the place of O2 and leads to unciousness following dizziness, confusion, vomiting, intense pulses, red lips, ringing in the ears, drunken like state, and dilated pupils
- when symptomes are noticed pilot should descend immediatly, open the windows at a safe altitude and land the aircraft
- if symptome persists medical attention may be required

- brought on by external and mental pressures
- cannot be detected and limits pilot's ability to perform, make choices, and act
- it is the duty of a pilot to evaluate their energy levels, get enough sleep, stay hydrated, and maintain a healthy diet so that they don't become fatigued

First Class Medical
- required for ATP
- valid for 12 cm if under 40yrs old (reverts to 3rd class after)
- valid for 6 cm if above 40yrs old (reverts to 2nd class after)
Second Class Medical
- required for commercial pilot certificate
- valid for 12 cm regardless of age
- relapses to 3rd class
Third Class Medical
- required for PPL, CFI, or student pilot
- valid for 60 cm if under age of 40
- valid for 24 cm if older than 40 years old

The alternate way for pilots to fly without holding an FAA medical certificate as long as they meet certain requirements

Eligibility Reqs
1- possess U.S drivers license after July 14, 2006
2- physical exam with state licensed physician using comprehensive medical examination checklist
3- complete basic med educational course

Aircraft Reqs
1- must not carry no more than 7 occupants
2- max certificated takeoff weight of not more than 12,500lbs

Operating Reqs
- no more than 6 passengers
- operates under VFR or IFR in the U.S less than 18,000ft and not exceeding 250kts
- flight not operated for compensation or hire

- An abrupt change from climb to straight-and-level flight can create the illusion of tumbling
backward.
- The disoriented pilot may push the aircraft abruptly into a nose-low attitude, which may intensify
the illusion.

-An abrupt upward vertical acceleration, as can occur in an updraft, can create the illusion of being in a climb.
- The disoriented pilot may push the aircraft into a nose-low attitude.

- 8hrs bottle to throttle
- level must be .04 percent and that 8hrs must pass between drinking alcohol and piloting an aircraft
- body requires 3hrs to rid itself of alcohol