Chapter 2: Airplane Systems

1- wings
2- fuselage
* body of the aircraft
3- landing gear
4- powerplant
5- empenage
*tail part of the aircraft

-strong skin of the aircraft
- cannot tolerate dents
- has no internal framework
- carries all of the heavy flightload alone

- aircraft skin with increased strength
- has rib like structure on the inside of aircraft that helps maintain the aircrafts shape
- often refered to as stressed skin of the aircraft

monoplanes

biplanes

- move in the opposite direction of the yolk
- in charge of rolling the plane either to the left or to the right
Left Alieron: decreases lift; AOA decreases
Right Alieron: increases lift; AOA increases
- takes charge of the longitudinal axis

- in charge of adjusting pitch attitudes
- moves via control wheel
- pitches plane either up or down
- controls the lateral axis

- moves you either to the left or to the right
- can increase sideways lift
- controls movement along the vertical axis

- when extended downwards, it increases lift aiding in takeoffs and landings
- located on the inner portion of each wing

- helps make flying a bit easier by alleviating the pressure of the yolk with pitching or descending

-planes whose landing gears always stays extended

- airplanes whose landing gear can retract inside of the plane

1- provides power to turn on the propeller
2- generates electrical power for the cabin
3- creates vacuum power for some of the flight instruments
4- provides heat for the cabin

- seperates engine and the cabin

Pilots Operating Handbook
- FAA requires it to be in the plane at all times

Pilots Information Manuel

FAA approed Flight Manuel

- must be performed every year

- must be performed every 100 hours of flight time
- if pilot is enroute to an airport with an AMT that can perfrom the inspection, then it is ok to go over the 100 hour mark

Airworthiness Directive
- given to an aircraft if the FAA finds anything in the aircraft that might present an unsafe condition in the cockpit

Minimum Equipment List
- basically tells you which the regulations and specific requirements for your aircraft

Kinds of operations equipment list

- presented when FAA sees that an airplane does not meet the airworthiness requirements
- grants someone the permission to fly said aircraft to an airport for repairs

*used in large passenger carrying airplanes
Includes....
1- turbo prop
2- turbo jet

- used for smaller planes
-more economical
Includes...
1- radial
2- horiziontally opposed engines

1- Intake
* draws fuel and air into combustion chamber
2- Compression
*compresses fuel/air mixture
3- Power
* ignites the mixture
4- Exhuast
*expels burned gas from the chamber through the open exhuast tube

1- Throttle
-regulates the amount of fuel air mixture that flows into the cylinderes
2- Mixture
-puts in the fuel/air mixture

- mixes the incoming air with fuel and delivers it to the combustion chamber

- fuel is stored in the venturi and distributed into the plane via gravity

- calbriated at sea level
*mix at this point is set to FULL RICH
- as altitude increases density entering the chamber decreases while density of the fuel remains the same
*mix at this point is becoming increasingly richer and can lead to engine roughness
- to maintain the correct mixture you must lean the mixture

- can happen when there is a sharp temperature drop; results in the reduction of power in the engine and can ultimately lead to the engine stopping altogether
-can occur between temperatures as 38*C(100*F) with humidity at 50% and at temperatures at 21*C(70*F)

increases fuel engine efficiency by....
- offering lower fuel consumption
- increasing engine efficiency
- increasing horsepower
- lower operating temperatures
- and allowing for a longer engine life

- increased sensitivity to fuel contaiments
- has more complex starting procedures

- enables an engine to produce sea level performance even at high altitudes

- is a self contained engine driven unit that supplies electrical current to the spark plugs

- controls the operation of the magnetos
- requires you to go RIGHT, LEFT, BOTH, and START for the engine

1- Detonation
2- Preignition

- when the fuel/air mixture burns in a very controlled and predictable manner

- uncontrollable explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture
- can lead to failure of the piston, cylinders, or valvues

- occurs when the fuel/air mix is ignited in advance of the normal timed ignition
- caused by residual hot spot in the cylinder such as a small carbon desposit on a spark plug

- allows you to take in fuel from various tanks
- shows the amount of usable fuel in the left or right tank

- removes moisture and other sediments that might be in the system
- containminets are heavier than aviation fuel so it is reccomended to drain the fuel strainer before each flight and check the fuel visually to ensure that no moisture is present

- you must link the ground wire to the airplane before the fuel cap is removed from the tank

- avgas: Aviation gas
- LL: low lead

- where oil is containied in a seperate tank

- where oil is contained in a sump which is intergral to the part of the engine

- has low blade
- provides best performance for takeoff and climb

- optimized for high speed cruise and high altitude flight

- selected for the best primary function of the airplane
- cannot be changed by the pilot

- front of the plane is a hazard zone and ppl should not walk infront of it if the engine is on and if they do not or have not made eye contact with the pilot
- its safe to walk behind the plane instead

- Full Authority Digital Engine Control
- manages an aircrafts engine and propeller
- more common in an aircraft with piston engines

- direct current system that supplies electrical energy to the aircraft
- AC (alternating current) converts to DC (direct current)

- shows if the alternator is producing an adequate supply of electrical power and also indicates whether or not the battery is recieving an electrical charge

- reflects the total % of load placed on the generating capacity of the electrical system by the electrical accessories and battery

- controls the entire electrical system except for the ignition system